January 28, 2026

hackergotchi for C.J. Collier

C.J. Collier

Part 2: Taming the Beast – Deep Dive into the Proxy-Aware GPU Initialization Action

Part
2: Taming the Beast – Deep Dive into the Proxy-Aware GPU Initialization
Action

In Part 1 of this series, we laid the network foundation for running
secure Dataproc clusters. Now, let’s zoom in on the core component
responsible for installing and configuring NVIDIA GPU drivers in this
restricted environment: the install_gpu_driver.sh script
from the GoogleCloudDataproc/initialization-actions
repository.

This isn’t just any installation script; it has been significantly
enhanced to handle the nuances of Secure Boot and to operate seamlessly
behind an HTTP/S proxy.

The
Challenge: Installing GPU Drivers Without Direct Internet

The install_gpu_driver.sh script needs to:

  1. Download NVIDIA drivers, CUDA toolkits, cuDNN, NCCL, etc.
  2. Potentially compile kernel modules.
  3. Install OS packages and dependencies.
  4. Configure the system for GPU workloads.

All of these steps traditionally require internet access, which is
blocked in our target environment. Additionally, for Secure Boot, any
newly compiled kernel modules must be signed.

Key Enhancements in
install_gpu_driver.sh

To address these challenges, the script incorporates several key
features:

  • Robust Proxy Handling (set_proxy
    function):     This function, also used in
    gce-proxy-setup.sh, is called early. It reads metadata like
    http-proxy, https-proxy, and
    http-proxy-pem-uri to configure:

    • System-wide environment variables (HTTP_PROXY,
      HTTPS_PROXY, NO_PROXY).
    • NO_PROXY is carefully set to include
      .google.com and .googleapis.com to allow
      direct access to Google APIs and services via Private Google Access,
      bypassing the SWP for these endpoints.
    • Package managers (apt, dnf).
    • curl and dirmngr (for GPG keys).
    • Java key stores.
    • Conda/Mamba configurations.
    • If http-proxy-pem-uri is provided, the proxy’s CA
      certificate is downloaded from GCS and installed into all relevant trust
      stores, and proxy URLs are adjusted to use HTTPS.

  • GCS Caching: To minimize reliance on the proxy
    for large, frequently used files, the script implements GCS caching.
    Before downloading large binaries like NVIDIA drivers or CUDA runfiles
    from the internet, it checks a predefined path in the
    dataproc-temp-bucket. If the file exists, it’s copied from
    GCS, saving time and reducing proxy load. If not found, it downloads
    through the proxy and then uploads to the cache for future use.

  • Proxy-Aware GPG Key Import: The script uses a
    custom import_gpg_keys function that fetches keys over
    HTTPS (through the proxy) rather than using the default HKP protocol,
    which often fails in restricted networks.

  • Resilient Conda/Mamba Environment Creation:
    Installing complex Conda environments with libraries like PyTorch,
    TensorFlow, and RAPIDS through a proxy can be fragile. The script
    includes:

    • Refined package lists for better dependency resolution.
    • Use of Mamba for speed, with a fallback to Conda.
    • GCS caching for the entire Conda pack, further speeding up
      subsequent builds or cluster node initializations.
    • Sentinel files to detect and purge corrupted or incomplete cache
      entries.

  • Secure Boot Signing Integration: While the main
    signing logic is part of the custom image build process (Part 3), the
    install_gpu_driver.sh script is designed to work in tandem
    with it. It ensures that when kernel modules are built (e.g., from
    NVIDIA’s open-gpu-kernel-modules), they are ready to be signed by the
    keys provided via metadata.

  • Deferred Configuration Mode: When the metadata
    invocation-type=custom-images is set (as is done in Part
    3), the script focuses on installing software and drivers, deferring
    Hadoop/Spark-specific configurations. These deferred steps are handled
    by a systemd service (dataproc-gpu-config.service) on the
    first boot of a cluster node created from the custom image.

Conclusion of Part 2

The install_gpu_driver.sh initialization action is more
than just an installer; it’s a carefully crafted tool designed to handle
the complexities of secure, proxied environments. Its robust proxy
support, GCS caching, and awareness of the custom image build lifecycle
make it a critical enabler.

In Part 3, we’ll see how the
GoogleCloudDataproc/custom-images repository uses this
initialization action as a customization script to build the Secure
Boot-ready images.

28 January, 2026 10:45AM by C.J. Collier

Dataproc GPUs, Secure Boot, & Proxies

Part
1: Building a Secure Network Foundation for Dataproc with GPUs &
SWP

Welcome to the first post in our series on running GPU-accelerated
Dataproc workloads in secure, enterprise-grade environments. Many
organizations need to operate within VPCs that have no direct internet
egress, instead routing all traffic through a Secure Web Proxy (SWP).
Additionally, security mandates often require the use of Shielded VMs
with Secure Boot enabled. This series will show you how to meet these
requirements for your Dataproc GPU clusters.

In this post, we’ll focus on laying the network foundation using
tools from the GoogleCloudDataproc/cloud-dataproc
repository.

The Challenge: Network
Isolation & Control

Before we can even think about custom images or GPU drivers, we need
a network environment that:

  1. Prevents direct internet access from Dataproc cluster nodes.
  2. Forces all egress traffic through a manageable and auditable
    SWP.
  3. Provides the necessary connectivity for Dataproc to function and for
    us to build images.

The Toolkit:
GoogleCloudDataproc/cloud-dataproc

To make setting up and tearing down these complex network
environments repeatable and consistent, we’ve developed a set of bash
scripts within the gcloud directory of the
cloud-dataproc repository. These scripts handle the
creation of VPCs, subnets, firewall rules, service accounts, and the
Secure Web Proxy itself.

Key Script:
bin/create-dpgce-private

This script is the cornerstone for creating the private, proxied
environment. It automates:

  • VPC and Subnet creation (for the cluster, SWP, and management).
  • Setup of Certificate Authority Service and Certificate Manager for
    SWP TLS interception.
  • Deployment of the SWP Gateway instance.
  • Configuration of a Gateway Security Policy to control egress.
  • Creation of necessary firewall rules.
  • Result: Cluster nodes in this VPC have NO default
    internet route and MUST use the SWP.

Configuration via env.json

While this script is in the cloud-dataproc repo, we’ve
designed it to be driven by a single env.json file that
will also be used by the custom-images scripts in Part 2.
This env.json should reside in your
custom-images repository clone.

Example env.json Snippet for
Networking:

{
  "PROJECT_ID": "YOUR_GCP_PROJECT_ID",
  "REGION": "YOUR_GCP_REGION",
  "ZONE": "YOUR_GCP_ZONE",
  "SUBNET": "main-subnet",
  "BUCKET": "YOUR_GCS_BUCKET",
  "TEMP_BUCKET": "YOUR_GCS_TEMP_BUCKET",
  "RANGE": "10.10.0.0/24",
  "PRIVATE_RANGE": "10.11.0.0/24",
  "SWP_RANGE": "10.12.0.0/24",
  "SWP_IP": "10.11.0.250",
  "SWP_PORT": "3128",
  "SWP_HOSTNAME": "swp.your.domain.com",
  "PROXY_CERT_GCS_PATH": "gs://YOUR_PROXY_CERT_BUCKET/proxy.cer"
}

Running the Setup:

# Assuming you have cloud-dataproc and custom-images cloned side-by-side
cd cloud-dataproc/gcloud
# Symlink to the env.json in custom-images
ln -sf ../../custom-images/env.json env.json
# Run the creation script, but don't create a cluster yet
bash bin/create-dpgce-private --no-create-cluster
cd ../../custom-images

Node
Configuration: The Metadata Startup Script

One of the key learnings from developing this solution was that the
proxy settings need to be applied to the Virtual Machines very early in
the boot process, even before the Dataproc agent starts. To achieve
this, we use a GCE metadata startup script.

The script startup_script/gce-proxy-setup.sh (from the
custom-images repository) is designed to be run on each
cluster node at boot. It reads metadata like http-proxy and
http-proxy-pem-uri to configure the OS environment, package
managers, and other tools to use the SWP.

Upload this script to your GCS bucket:

# Run from the custom-images repository root
gsutil cp startup_script/gce-proxy-setup.sh gs://$(jq -r .BUCKET env.json)/custom-image-deps/

We will specify this script in the
--metadata startup-script-url flag when creating the
Dataproc cluster in Part 4.

Conclusion of Part 1

With the cloud-dataproc scripts, we’ve laid the
groundwork by provisioning a secure VPC with controlled egress through
an SWP. We’ve also prepared the essential node-level proxy configuration
script in GCS.

Stay tuned for Part 2, where we’ll dive into the
install_gpu_driver.sh initialization action and how it’s
been adapted to thrive in this proxied world.

28 January, 2026 10:37AM by C.J. Collier

Sven Hoexter

Decrypt TLS Connection with wireshark and curl

With TLS 1.3 more parts of the handshake got encrypted (e.g. the certificate), but sometimes it's still helpful to look at the complete handshake.

curl uses the somewhat standardized env variable for the key log file called SSLKEYLOGFILE, which is also supported by Firefox and Chrome. wireshark hides the setting in the UI behind Edit -> Preferences -> Protocols -> TLS -> (Pre)-Master-Secret log filename which is uncomfortable to reach. Looking up the config setting in the Advanced settings one can learn that it's called internally tls.keylog_file. Thus we can set it up with:

sudo wireshark -o "tls.keylog_file:/home/sven/curl.keylog"

SSLKEYLOGFILE=/home/sven/curl.keylog curl -v https://www.cloudflare.com/cdn-cgi/trace

Depending on the setup root might be unable to access the wayland session, that can be worked around by letting sudo keep the relevant env variables:

$ cat /etc/sudoers.d/wayland 
Defaults   env_keep += "XDG_RUNTIME_DIR"
Defaults   env_keep += "WAYLAND_DISPLAY"

Or setup wireshark properly and use the wireshark group to be able to dump traffic. Might require a sudo dpkg-reconfigure wireshark-common.

Regarding curl: In some situations it could be desirable to force a specific older TLS version for testing, which requires a minimal and maximal version. E.g. to force TLS 1.2 only:

curl -v --tlsv1.2 --tls-max 1.2 https://www.cloudflare.com/cdn-cgi/trace

28 January, 2026 10:32AM

January 27, 2026

Sergio Cipriano

Query Debian changelogs by keyword with the FTP-Master API

Query Debian changelogs by keyword with the FTP-Master API

In my post about tracking my Debian uploads, I used the ProjectB database directly to retrieve how many uploads I had so far.

I was pleasantly surprised to receive a message from Joerg Jaspert, who introduced me to the Debian Archive Kit web API (dak), also known as the FTP-Master API.

Joerg gave the idea of integrating the query I had written into the dak API, so that anyone could obtain the same results without needing to use the mirror host, with a simple http request.

I liked the idea and I decided to work on it. The endpoint is already available and you can try by yourself by doing something like this:

$ curl https://api.ftp-master.debian.org/changelogs?search_term=almeida+cipriano

⚠️ WARNING: Check v2: https://people.debian.org/~gladk/blog/posts/202601_ftp-master-changelog-v2/

The query provides a way to search through the changelogs of all Debian packages currently published. The source code is available at Salsa.

I'm already using it to track my uploads, I made this page that updates every day. If you want to setup something similar, you can use my script and just change the search_term to the name you use in your changelog entries.

I’m running it using a systemd timer. Here’s what I’ve got:

# .config/systemd/user/track-uploads.service
[Unit]
Description=Track my uploads using the dak API
StopWhenUnneeded=yes

[Service]
Type=oneshot
WorkingDirectory=/home/cipriano/public_html/uploads
ExecStart=/usr/bin/python3 generate.py
# .config/systemd/user/track-uploads.timer
[Unit]
Description=Run track-uploads script daily

[Timer]
OnCalendar=daily
Persistent=true

[Install]
WantedBy=timers.target

After placing every file in the right place you just need to run:

$ systemctl --user daemon-reload
$ systemctl --user enable --now track-uploads.timer
$ systemctl --user start track-uploads.service # generates the html now

If you want to get a bit fancier, I’m also using an Ansible playbook for that. The source code is available on my GitLab repository.

If you want to learn more about dak, there is a web docs available.

I’d like to thank Joerg once again for suggesting the idea and for reviewing and merging the change so quickly.

27 January, 2026 05:20PM

Elana Hashman

A beginner's guide to improving your digital security

In 2017, I led a series of workshops aimed at teaching beginners a better understanding of encryption, how the internet works, and their digital security. Nearly a decade later, there is still a great need to share reliable resources and guides on improving these skills.

I have worked professionally in computer security one way or another for well over a decade, at many major technology companies and in many open source software projects. There are many inaccurate and unreliable resources out there on this subject, put together by well-meaning people without a background in security, which can lead to sharing misinformation, exaggeration and fearmongering.

I hope that I can offer you a trusted, curated list of high impact things that you can do right now, using whichever vetted guide you prefer. In addition, I also include how long it should take, why you should do each task, and any limitations.

This guide is aimed at improving your personal security, and does not apply to your work-owned devices. Always assume your company can monitor all of your messages and activities on work devices.

What can I do to improve my security right away?

I put together this list in order of effort, easiest tasks first. You should be able to complete many of the low effort tasks in a single hour. The medium to high effort tasks are very much worth doing, but may take you a few days or even weeks to complete them.

Low effort (<15 minutes)

Upgrade your software to the latest versions

Why? I don't know anyone who hasn't complained about software updates breaking features, introducing bugs, and causing headaches. If it ain't broke, why upgrade, right? Well, alongside all of those annoying bugs and breaking changes, software updates also include security fixes, which will protect your device from being exploited by bad actors. Security issues can be found in software at any time, even software that's been available for many years and thought to be secure. You want to install these as soon as they are available.

Recommendation: Turn on automatic upgrades and always keep your devices as up-to-date as possible. If you have some software you know will not work if you upgrade it, at least be sure to upgrade your laptop and phone operating system (iOS, Android, Windows, etc.) and web browser (Chrome, Safari, Firefox, etc.). Do not use devices that do not receive security support (e.g. old Android or iPhones).

Guides:

Limitations: This will prevent someone from exploiting known security issues on your devices, but it won't help if your device was already compromised. If this is a concern, doing a factory reset, upgrade, and turning on automatic upgrades may help. This also won't protect against all types of attacks, but it is a necessary foundation.

Use Signal

Why? Signal is a trusted, vetted, secure messaging application that allows you to send end-to-end encrypted messages and make video/phone calls. This means that only you and your intended recipient can decrypt the messages and someone cannot intercept and read your messages, in contrast to texting (SMS) and other insecure forms of messaging. Other applications advertise themselves as end-to-end encrypted, but Signal provides the strongest protections.

Recommendation: I recommend installing the Signal app and using it! My mom loves that she can video call me on Wi-Fi on my Android phone. It also supports group chats. I use it as a secure alternative to texting (SMS) and other chat platforms. I also like Signal's "disappearing messages" feature which I enable by default because it automatically deletes messages after a certain period of time. This avoids your messages taking up too much storage.

Guides:

Limitations: Signal is only able to protect your messages in transit. If someone has access to your phone or the phone of the person you sent messages to, they will still be able to read them. As a rule of thumb, if you don't want someone to read something, don't write it down! Meet in person or make an encrypted phone call where you will not be overheard. If you are talking to someone you don't know, assume your messages are as public as posting on social media.

Set passwords and turn on device encryption

Why? Passwords ensure that someone else can't unlock your device without your consent or knowledge. They also are required to turn on device encryption, which protects your information on your device from being accessed when it is locked. Biometric (fingerprint or face ID) locking provides some privacy, but your fingerprint or face ID can be used against your wishes, whereas if you are the only person who knows your password, only you can use it.

Recommendation: Always set passwords and have device encryption enabled in order to protect your personal privacy. It may be convenient to allow kids or family members access to an unlocked device, but anyone else can access it, too! Use strong passwords that cannot be guessed—avoid using names, birthdays, phone numbers, addresses, or other public information. Using a password manager will make creating and managing passwords even easier. Disable biometric unlock, or at least know how to disable it. Most devices will enable disk encryption by default, but you should double-check.

Guides:

Limitations: If your device is unlocked, the password and encryption will provide no protections; the device must be locked for this to protect your privacy. It is possible, though unlikely, for someone to gain remote access to your device (for example through malware or stalkerware), which would bypass these protections. Some forensic tools are also sophisticated enough to work with physical access to a device that is turned on and locked, but not a device that is turned off/freshly powered on and encrypted. If you lose your password or disk encryption key, you may lose access to your device. For this reason, Windows and Apple laptops can make a cloud backup of your disk encryption key. However, a cloud backup can potentially be disclosed to law enforcement.

Install an ad blocker

Why? Online ad networks are often exploited to spread malware to unsuspecting visitors. If you've ever visited a regular website and suddenly seen an urgent, flashing pop-up claiming your device was hacked, it is often due to a bad ad. Blocking ads provides an additional layer of protection against these kinds of attacks.

Recommendation: I recommend everyone uses an ad blocker at all times. Not only are ads annoying and disruptive, but they can even result in your devices being compromised!

Guides:

Limitations: Sometimes the use of ad blockers can break functionality on websites, which can be annoying, but you can temporarily disable them to fix the problem. These may not be able to block all ads or all tracking, but they make browsing the web much more pleasant and lower risk! Some people might also be concerned that blocking ads might impact the revenue of their favourite websites or creators. In this case, I recommend either donating directly or sharing the site with a wider audience, but keep using the ad blocker for your safety.

Enable HTTPS-Only Mode

Why? The "S" in "HTTPS" stands for "secure". This feature, which can be enabled on your web browser, ensures that every time you visit a website, your connection is always end-to-end encrypted (just like when you use Signal!) This ensures that someone can't intercept what you search for, what pages on websites you visit, and any information you or the website share such as your banking details.

Recommendation: I recommend enabling this for everyone, though with improvements in web browser security and adoption of HTTPS over the years, your devices will often do this by default! There is a small risk you will encounter some websites that do not support HTTPS, usually older sites.

Guides:

Limitations: HTTPS protects the information on your connection to a website. It does not hide or protect the fact that you visited that website, only the information you accessed. If the website is malicious, HTTPS does not provide any protection. In certain settings, like when you use a work-managed computer that was set up for you, it can still be possible for your IT Department to see what you are browsing, even over an HTTPS connection, because they have administrator access to your computer and the network.

Medium to high effort (1+ hours)

These tasks require more effort but are worth the investment.

Set up a password manager

Why? It is not possible for a person to remember a unique password for every single website and app that they use. I have, as of writing, 556 passwords stored in my password manager. Password managers do three important things very well:

  1. They generate secure passwords with ease. You don't need to worry about getting your digits and special characters just right; the app will do it for you, and generate long, secure passwords.
  2. They remember all your passwords for you, and you just need to remember one password to access all of them. The most common reason people's accounts get hacked online is because they used the same password across multiple websites, and one of the websites had all their passwords leaked. When you use a unique password on every website, it doesn't matter if your password gets leaked!
  3. They autofill passwords based on the website you're visiting. This is important because it helps prevent you from getting phished. If you're tricked into visiting an evil lookalike site, your password manager will refuse to fill the password.

Recommendation: These benefits are extremely important, and setting up a password manager is often one of the most impactful things you can do for your digital security. However, they take time to get used to, and migrating all of your passwords into the app (and immediately changing them!) can take a few minutes at a time... over weeks. I recommend you prioritize the most important sites, such as your email accounts, banking/financial sites, and cellphone provider. This process will feel like a lot of work, but you will get to enjoy the benefits of never having to remember new passwords and the autofill functionality for websites. My recommended password manager is 1Password, but it stores passwords in the cloud and costs money. There are some good free options as well if cost is a concern. You can also use web browser- or OS-based password managers, but I do not prefer these.

Guides:

Limitations: Many people are concerned about the risk of using a password manager causing all of their passwords to be compromised. For this reason, it's very important to use a vetted, reputable password manager that has passed audits, such as 1Password or Bitwarden. It is also extremely important to choose a strong password to unlock your password manager. 1Password makes this easier by generating a secret to strengthen your unlock password, but I recommend using a long, memorable password in any case. Another risk is that if you forget your password manager's password, you will lose access to all your passwords. This is why I recommend 1Password, which has you set up an Emergency Kit to recover access to your account.

Set up two-factor authentication (2FA) for your accounts

Why? If your password is compromised in a website leak or due to a phishing attack, two-factor authentication will require a second piece of information to log in and potentially thwart the intruder. This provides you with an extra layer of security on your accounts.

Recommendation: You don't necessarily need to enable 2FA on every account, but prioritize enabling it on your most important accounts (email, banking, cellphone, etc.) There are typically a few different kinds: email-based (which is why your email account's security is so important), text message or SMS-based (which is why your cell phone account's security is so important), app-based, and hardware token-based. Email and text message 2FA are fine for most accounts. You may want to enable app- or hardware token-based 2FA for your most sensitive accounts.

Guides:

Limitations: The major limitation is that if you lose access to 2FA, you can be locked out of an account. This can happen if you're travelling abroad and can't access your usual cellphone number, if you break your phone and you don't have a backup of your authenticator app, or if you lose your hardware-based token. For this reason, many websites will provide you with "backup tokens"—you can print them out and store them in a secure location or use your password manager. I also recommend if you use an app, you choose one that will allow you to make secure backups, such as Ente. You are also limited by the types of 2FA a website supports; many don't support app- or hardware token-based 2FA.

Remove your information from data brokers

Why? This is a problem that mostly affects people in the US. It surprises many people that information from their credit reports and other public records is scraped and available (for free or at a low cost) online through "data broker" websites. I have shocked friends who didn't believe this was an issue by searching for their full names and within 5 minutes being able to show them their birthday, home address, and phone number. This is a serious privacy problem!

Recommendation: Opt out of any and all data broker websites to remove this information from the internet. This is especially important if you are at risk of being stalked or harassed.

Guides:

Limitations: It can take time for your information to be removed once you opt out, and unfortunately search engines may have cached your information for a while longer. This is also not a one-and-done process. New data brokers are constantly popping up and some may not properly honour your opt out, so you will need to check on a regular basis (perhaps once or twice a year) to make sure your data has been properly scrubbed. This also cannot prevent someone from directly searching public records to find your information, but that requires much more effort.

"Recommended security measures" I think beginners should avoid

We've covered a lot of tasks you should do, but I also think it's important to cover what not to do. I see many of these tools recommended to security beginners, and I think that's a mistake. For each tool, I will explain my reasoning around why I don't think you should use it, and the scenarios in which it might make sense to use.

"Secure email"

What is it? Many email providers, such as Proton Mail, advertise themselves as providing secure email. They are often recommended as a "more secure" alternative to typical email providers such as GMail.

What's the problem? Email is fundamentally insecure by design. The email specification (RFC-3207) states that any publicly available email server MUST NOT require the use of end-to-end encryption in transit. Email providers can of course provide additional security by encrypting their copies of your email, and providing you access to your email by HTTPS, but the messages themselves can always be sent without encryption. Some platforms such as Proton Mail advertise end-to-end encrypted emails so long as you email another Proton user. This is not truly email, but their own internal encrypted messaging platform that follows the email format.

What should I do instead? Use Signal to send encrypted messages. NEVER assume the contents of an email are secure.

Who should use it? I don't believe there are any major advantages to using a service such as this one. Even if you pay for a more "secure" email provider, the majority of your emails will still be delivered to people who don't. Additionally, while I don't use or necessarily recommend their service, Google offers an Advanced Protection Program for people who may be targeted by state-level actors.

PGP/GPG Encryption

What is it? PGP ("Pretty Good Privacy") and GPG ("GNU Privacy Guard") are encryption and cryptographic signing software. They are often recommended to encrypt messages or email.

What's the problem? GPG is decades old and its usability has always been terrible. It is extremely easy to accidentally send a message that you thought was encrypted without encryption! The problems with PGP/GPG have been extensively documented.

What should I do instead? Use Signal to send encrypted messages. Again, NEVER use email for sensitive information.

Who should use it? Software developers who contribute to projects where there is a requirement to use GPG should continue to use it until an adequate alternative is available. Everyone else should live their lives in PGP-free bliss.

Installing a "secure" operating system (OS) on your phone

What is it? There are a number of self-installed operating systems for Android phones, such as GrapheneOS, that advertise as being "more secure" than using the version of the Android operating system provided by your phone manufacturer. They often remove core Google APIs and services to allow you to "de-Google" your phone.

What's the problem? These projects are relatively niche, and don't have nearly enough resourcing to be able to respond to the high levels of security pressure Android experiences (such as against the forensic tools I mentioned earlier). You may suddenly lose security support with no notice, as with CalyxOS. You need a high level of technical know-how and a lot of spare time to maintain your device with a custom operating system, which is not a reasonable expectation for the average person. By stripping all Google APIs such as Google Play Services, some useful apps can no longer function. And some law enforcement organizations have gone as far as accusing people who install GrapheneOS on Pixel phones to be engaging in criminal activity.

What should I do instead? For the best security on an Android device, use a phone manufactured by Google or Samsung (smaller manufacturers are more unreliable), or consider buying an iPhone. Make sure your device is receiving security updates and up-to-date.

Who should use it? These projects are great for tech enthusiasts who are interested in contributing to and developing them further. They can be used to give new life to old phones that are not receiving security or software updates. They are also great for people with an interest in free and open source software and digital autonomy. But these tools are not a good choice for a general audience, nor do they provide more practical security than using an up-to-date Google or Samsung Android phone.

Virtual Private Network (VPN) Services

What is it? A virtual private network or VPN service can provide you with a secure tunnel from your device to the location that the VPN operates. This means that if I am using my phone in Seattle connected to a VPN in Amsterdam, if I access a website, it appears to the website that my phone is located in Amsterdam.

What's the problem? VPN services are frequently advertised as providing security or protection from nefarious bad actors, or helping protect your privacy. These benefits are often far overstated, and there are predatory VPN providers that can actually be harmful. It costs money and resources to provide a VPN, so free VPN services are especially suspect. When you use a VPN, the VPN provider knows the websites you are visiting in order to provide you with the service. Free VPN providers may sell this data in order to cover the cost of providing the service, leaving you with less security and privacy. The average person does not have the knowledge to be able to determine if a VPN service is trustworthy or not. VPNs also don't provide any additional encryption benefits if you are already using HTTPS. They may provide a small amount of privacy benefit if you are connected to an untrusted network with an attacker.

What should I do instead? Always use HTTPS to access websites. Don't connect to untrusted internet providers—for example, use cellphone network data instead of a sketchy Wi-Fi access point. Your local neighbourhood coffee shop is probably fine.

Who should use it? There are three main use cases for VPNs. The first is to bypass geographic restrictions. A VPN will cause all of your web traffic to appear to be coming from another location. If you live in an area that has local internet censorship policies, you can use a VPN to access the internet from a location that lacks such policies. The second is if you know your internet service provider is actively hostile or malicious. A trusted VPN will protect the visibility of all your traffic, including which websites you visit, from your internet service provider, and the only thing they will be able to see is that you are accessing a VPN. The third use case is to access a network that isn't connected to the public internet, such as a corporate intranet. I strongly discourage the use of VPNs for "general-purpose security."

Tor

What is it? Tor, "The Onion Router", is a free and open source software project that provides anonymous networking. Unlike with a VPN, where the VPN provider knows who you are and what websites you are requesting, Tor's architecture makes it extremely difficult to determine who sent a request.

What's the problem? Tor is difficult to set up properly; similar to PGP-encrypted email, it is possible to accidentally not be connected to Tor and not know the difference. This usability has improved over the years, but Tor is still not a good tool for beginners to use. Due to the way Tor works, it is also extremely slow. If you have used cable or fiber internet, get ready to go back to dialup speeds. Tor also doesn't provide perfect privacy and without a strong understanding of its limitations, it can be possible to deanonymize someone despite using it. Additionally, many websites are able to detect connections from the Tor network and block them.

What should I do instead? If you want to use Tor to bypass censorship, it is often better to use a trusted VPN provider, particularly if you need high bandwidth (e.g. for streaming). If you want to use Tor to access a website anonymously, Tor itself might not be enough to protect you. For example, if you need to provide an email address or personal information, you can decline to provide accurate information and use a masked email address. A friend of mine once used the alias "Nunya Biznes" 🥸

Who should use it? Tor should only be used by people who are experienced users of security tools and understand its strengths and limitations. Tor also is best used on a purpose-built system, such as Tor Browser or Freedom of the Press Foundation's SecureDrop.

I want to learn more!

I hope you've found this guide to be a useful starting point. I always welcome folks reaching out to me with questions, though I might take a little bit of time to respond. You can always email me.

If there's enough interest, I might cover the following topics in a future post:

  • Threat modelling, which you can get started with by reading the EFF's or VCW's guides
  • Browser addons for privacy, which Consumer Reports has a tip for
  • Secure DNS, which you can read more about here

Stay safe out there! 🔒

27 January, 2026 02:00AM by Elana Hashman

January 26, 2026

hackergotchi for Otto Kekäläinen

Otto Kekäläinen

Ubuntu Pro subscription - should you pay to use Linux?

Featured image of post Ubuntu Pro subscription - should you pay to use Linux?

Ubuntu Pro is a subscription offering for Ubuntu users who want to pay for the assurance of getting quick and high-quality security updates for Ubuntu. I tested it out to see how it works in practice, and to evaluate how well it works as a commercial open source service model for Linux.

Anyone running Ubuntu can subscribe to it at ubuntu.com/pro/subscribe by selecting the setup type “Desktops” for the price of $25 per year (+applicable taxes) for Enterprise users. There is also a free version for personal use. Once you have an account, you can find your activation token at ubuntu.com/pro/dashboard, and use it to activate Ubuntu Pro on your desktop or laptop Ubuntu machine by running sudo pro attach <token>:

$ sudo pro attach aabbcc112233aabbcc112233
Enabling default service esm-apps
Updating package lists
Ubuntu Pro: ESM Apps enabled
Enabling default service esm-infra
Updating package lists
Ubuntu Pro: ESM Infra enabled
Enabling default service livepatch
Installing canonical-livepatch snap
Canonical livepatch enabled.
Unable to determine current instance-id
This machine is now attached to 'Ubuntu Pro Desktop'

You can at any time confirm the Ubuntu Pro status by running:

$ sudo pro status --all
SERVICE ENTITLED STATUS DESCRIPTION
anbox-cloud yes disabled Scalable Android in the cloud
cc-eal yes n/a Common Criteria EAL2 Provisioning Packages
esm-apps yes enabled Expanded Security Maintenance for Applications
esm-infra yes enabled Expanded Security Maintenance for Infrastructure
fips yes n/a NIST-certified FIPS crypto packages
fips-preview yes n/a Preview of FIPS crypto packages undergoing certification with NIST
fips-updates yes disabled FIPS compliant crypto packages with stable security updates
landscape yes enabled Management and administration tool for Ubuntu
livepatch yes disabled Canonical Livepatch service
realtime-kernel yes disabled Ubuntu kernel with PREEMPT_RT patches integrated
├ generic yes disabled Generic version of the RT kernel (default)
├ intel-iotg yes n/a RT kernel optimized for Intel IOTG platform
└ raspi yes n/a 24.04 Real-time kernel optimised for Raspberry Pi
ros yes n/a Security Updates for the Robot Operating System
ros-updates yes n/a All Updates for the Robot Operating System
usg yes disabled Security compliance and audit tools
Enable services with: pro enable <service>
Account: Otto Kekalainen
Subscription: Ubuntu Pro Desktop
Valid until: Thu Mar 3 08:08:38 2026 PDT
Technical support level: essential

For a regular desktop/laptop user the most relevant service is the esm-apps, which delivers extended security updates to many applications typically used on desktop systems.

Another relevant command to confirm the current subscription status is:

$ sudo pro security-status
2828 packages installed:
2143 packages from Ubuntu Main/Restricted repository
660 packages from Ubuntu Universe/Multiverse repository
13 packages from third parties
12 packages no longer available for download
To get more information about the packages, run
pro security-status --help
for a list of available options.
This machine is receiving security patching for Ubuntu Main/Restricted
repository until 2029.
This machine is attached to an Ubuntu Pro subscription.
Ubuntu Pro with 'esm-infra' enabled provides security updates for
Main/Restricted packages until 2034.
Ubuntu Pro with 'esm-apps' enabled provides security updates for
Universe/Multiverse packages until 2034. You have received 26 security
updates.

This confirms the scope of the security support. You can even run sudo pro security-status --esm-apps to get a detailed breakdown of the installed software packages in scope for Expanded Security Maintenance (ESM).

Experiences from using Ubuntu Pro for over a year

Personally I have been using it on two laptop systems for well over a year now and everything seems to have worked well. I see apt is downloading software updates from https://esm.ubuntu.com/apps/ubuntu, but other than that there aren’t any notable signs of Ubuntu Pro being in use. That is a good thing – after all one is paying for assurance that everything works with minimum disruptions, so the system that enables smooth sailing should stay in the background and not make too much noise of itself.

Using Landscape to manage multiple Ubuntu laptops

Landscape portal reports showing security update status and resource utilization

Landscape.canonical.com is a fleet management system that shows information like security update status and resource utilization for the computers you administer. Ubuntu Pro attached systems under one’s account are not automatically visible in Landscape, but have to be enrolled in it.

To enroll an Ubuntu Pro attached desktop/laptop to Landscape, first install the required package with sudo apt install landscape-client and then run sudo landscape-config --account-name <account name> to start the configuration wizard. You can find your account name in the Landscape portal. On the last wizard question Request a new registration for this computer now? [y/N] hit y to accept. If successful, the new computer will be visible on the Landscape portal page “Pending computers”, from where you can click to accept it.

Landscape portal page showing pending computer registration

If I had a large fleet of computers, Landscape might come in useful. Also it is obvious Landscape is intended primarily for managing server systems. For example, the default alarm trigger on systems being offline, which is common for laptops and desktop computers, is an alert-worthy thing only on server systems.

It is good to know that Landscape exists, but on desktop systems I would probably skip it, and only stick to the security updates offered by Ubuntu Pro without using Landscape.

Landscape is evolving

The screenshots above are from the current Landscape portal which I have been using so far. Recently Canonical has also launched a new web portal, with a fresh look:

New Landscape dashboard with fresh look

This shows Canonical is actively investing in the service and it is likely going to sit at the center of their business model for years to come.

Other offerings by Canonical for individual users

Canonical, the company behind the world’s most popular desktop Linux distribution Ubuntu, has been offering various commercial support services for corporate customers since the company launched back in 2005, but there haven’t been any offerings available to individual users since Ubuntu One, with file syncing, a music store and more, was wound down back in 2014. Canonical and the other major Linux companies, Red Hat and SUSE, have always been very enterprise-oriented, presumably because achieving economies of scale is much easier when maintaining standardized corporate environments compared to dealing with a wide range of custom configurations that individual consumer customers might have. I remember some years ago Canonical offered desktop support under the Ubuntu Advantage product name, but the minimum subscription was for 5 desktop systems, which typically isn’t an option for a regular home consumer.

I am glad to see Ubuntu Pro is now available and I honestly hope people using Ubuntu will opt into it. The more customers it has, the more it incentivizes Canonical to develop and maintain features that are important for desktop and home users.

Pay for Linux because you can, not because you have to

Open source is a great software development model for rapid innovation and adoption, but I don’t think the business models in the space are yet quite mature. Users who get long-term value should participate more in funding open source maintenance work. While some donation platforms like GitHub Sponsors, OpenCollective and the like have gained popularity in recent years, none of them seem to generate recurring revenue comparable to the scale of how popular open source software is now in 2026.

I welcome more paid schemes, such as Ubuntu Pro, as I believe it is beneficial for the whole ecosystem. I also expect more service providers to enter this space and experiment with different open source business models and various forms of decentralized funding. Linux and open source are primarily free as in speech, but as a side effect license fees are hard to enforce and many use Linux without paying for it. The more people, corporations and even countries rely on it to stay sovereign in the information society, the more users should think about how they want to use Linux and who they want to pay to maintain it and other critical parts of the open source ecosystem.

26 January, 2026 12:00AM

January 25, 2026

Anton Gladky

Introducing v2/changelogs FTP-Master API

v2/changelogs – FTP-Master API released and how can it be used to track your uploads

25 January, 2026 05:50PM

January 24, 2026

hackergotchi for Gunnar Wolf

Gunnar Wolf

Finally some light for those who care about Debian on the Raspberry Pi

Finally, some light at the end of the tunnel!

As I have said in this blog and elsewhere, after putting quite a bit of work into generating the Debian Raspberry Pi images between late 2018 and 2023, I had to recognize I don’t have the time and energy to properly care for it.

I even registered a GSoC project for it. I mentored Kurva Prashanth, who did good work on the vmdb2 scripts we use for the image generation — but in the end, was unable to push them to be built in Debian infrastructure. Maybe a different approach was needed! While I adopted the images as they were conceived by Michael Stapelberg, sometimes it’s easier to start from scratch and build a fresh approach.

So, I’m not yet pointing at a stable, proven release, but to a good promise. And I hope I’m not being pushy by making this public: in the #debian-raspberrypi channel, waldi has shared the images he has created with the Debian Cloud Team’s infrastructure.

So, right now, the images built so far support Raspberry Pi families 4 and 5 (notably, not the 500 computer I have, due to a missing Device Tree, but I’ll try to help figure that bit out… Anyway, p400/500/500+ systems are not that usual). Work is underway to get the 3B+ to boot (some hackery is needed, as it only understands MBR partition schemes, so creating a hybrid image seems to be needed).

Debian Cloud images for Raspberries

Sadly, I don’t think the effort will be extended to cover older, 32-bit-only systems (RPi 0, 1 and 2).

Anyway, as this effort stabilizes, I will phase out my (stale!) work on raspi.debian.net, and will redirect it to point at the new images.

Comments

Andrea Pappacoda tachi@d.o 2026-01-26 17:39:14 GMT+1

Are there any particular caveats compared to using the regular Raspberry Pi OS?

Are they documented anywhere?

Gunnar Wolf gwolf.blog@gwolf.org 2026-01-26 11:02:29 GMT-6

Well, the Raspberry Pi OS includes quite a bit of software that’s not packaged in Debian for various reasons — some of it because it’s non-free demo-ware, some of it because it’s RPiOS-specific configuration, some of it… I don’t care, I like running Debian wherever possible 😉

Andrea Pappacoda tachi@d.o 2026-01-26 18:20:24 GMT+1

Thanks for the reply! Yeah, sorry, I should’ve been more specific. I also just care about the Debian part. But: are there any hardware issues or unsupported stuff, like booting from an SSD (which I’m currently doing)?

Gunnar Wolf gwolf.blog@gwolf.org 2026-01-26 12:16:29 GMT-6

That’s… beyond my knowledge 😉 Although I can tell you that:

  • Raspberry Pi OS has hardware support as soon as their new boards hit the market. The ability to even boot a board can take over a year for the mainline Linux kernel (at least, it has, both in the cases of the 4 and the 5 families).

  • Also, sometimes some bits of hardware are not discovered by the Linux kernels even if the general family boots because they are not declared in the right place of the Device Tree (i.e. the wireless network interface in the 02W is in a different address than in the 3B+, or the 500 does not fully boot while the 5B now does). Usually it is a matter of “just” declaring stuff in the right place, but it’s not a skill many of us have.

  • Also, many RPi “hats” ship with their own Device Tree overlays, and they cannot always be loaded on top of mainline kernels.

24 January, 2026 04:24PM

January 23, 2026

Reproducible Builds (diffoscope)

diffoscope 311 released

The diffoscope maintainers are pleased to announce the release of diffoscope version 311. This version includes the following changes:

[ Chris Lamb ]
* Fix test compatibility with u-boot-tools 2026-01. Thanks, Jelle!
* Bump Standards-Version to 4.7.3.
* Drop implied "Priority: optional" from debian/control.
* Also drop implied "Rules-Requires-Root: no" entry in debian/control.
* Update copyright years.

You find out more by visiting the project homepage.

23 January, 2026 12:00AM

January 22, 2026

hackergotchi for Steinar H. Gunderson

Steinar H. Gunderson

Rewriting Git merge history, part 2

In part 1, we discovered the problem of rewriting git history in the presence of nontrivial merges. Today, we'll discuss the workaround I chose.

As I previously mentioned, and as Julia Evans' excellent data model document explains, a git commit is just a snapshot of a tree (suitably deduplicated by means of content hashes), a commit message and a (possibly empty) set of parents. So fundamentally, we don't really need to mess with diffs; if we can make the changes we want directly to the tree (well, technically, make a new tree that looks like what we want, and a new commit using that tree), we're good. (Diffs in git are, generally, just git diff looking at two trees and trying to make sense of it. This has the unfortunate result that there is no solid way of representing a rename; there are heuristics, but if you rename a file and change it in the same commit, they may fail and stuff like git blame or git log may be broken, depending on flags. Gerrit doesn't even seem to understand a no-change copy.)

In earlier related cases, I've taken this to the extreme by simply hand-writing a commit using git commit-tree. Create exactly the state that you want by whatever means, commit it in some dummy commit and then use that commit's tree with some suitable commit message and parent(s); voila. But it doesn't help us with history; while we can fix up an older commit in exactly the way we'd like, we also need the latter commits to have our new fixed-up commit as parent.

Thus, enter git filter-branch. git filter-branch comes with a suitable set of warnings about eating your repository and being deprecated (I never really figured out its supposed replacement git filter-repo, so I won't talk much about it), but it's useful when all else fails.

In particular, git filter-branch allows you to do arbitrary changes to the tree of a series of commits, updating the parent commit IDs as rewrites happen. So if you can express your desired changes in a way that's better than “run the editor” (or if you're happy running the editor and making the same edit manually 300 times!), you can just run that command over all commits in the entire branch (forgive me for breaking lines a bit):

git filter-branch -f --tree-filter \
  '! [ -f src/cluster.cpp ] || sed -i "s/if (mi.rank != 0)/if (mi.rank != 0
    \&\& mi.rank == rank())/" src/cluster.cpp' \
  665155410753978998c8080c813da660fc64bbfe^..cluster-master

This is suitably terrible. Remember, if we only did this for one commit, the change wouldn't be there in the next one (git diff would show that it was immediately reverted), so filter-branch needs to do this over and over again, once for each commit (tree) in the branch. And I wanted multiple fixups, so I had a bunch of these; some of them were as simple as “copy this file from /tmp” and some were shell scripts that did things like running clang-format.

You can do similar things for commit messages; at some point, I figured I should write “cluster” (the official name for the branch) and not “cluster-master” (my local name) in the merge messages, so I could just do

git filter-branch \
  --commit-msg-filter 'sed s/cluster-master/cluster/g' \
  665155410753978998c8080c813da660fc64bbfe^..cluster-master

I also did a bunch of them to fix up my email address (GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL wasn't properly set), although I cannot honestly remember whether I used --env-filter or something else. Perhaps that was actually with git rebase and `-r --exec 'git commit --amend --no-edit --author …'` or similar. There are many ways to do ugly things. :-)

Eventually, I had the branch mostly in a state where I thought it would be ready for review, but after uploading to GitHub, one reviewer commented that some of my merges against master were commits that didn't exist in master. Huh? That's… surprising.

It took a fair bit of digging to figure out what had happened: git filter-branch had rewritten some commits that it didn't actually have to; the merge sources from upstream. This is normally harmless, since git hashes are deterministic, but these commits were signed by the author! And filter-branch (or perhaps fast-export, upon which it builds?) generally assumes that it can't sign stuff with other people's keys, so it just strips the signatures, deeming that better than having invalid ones sitting around. Now, of course, these commit signatures would still be valid since we didn't change anything, but evidently, filter-branch doesn't have any special code for that.

Removing an object like this (a “gpgsig” attribute, it seems) changes the commit hash, which is where the phantom commits came from. I couldn't get filter-branch to turn it off… but again, parents can be freely changed, diffs don't exist anyway. So I wrote a little script that took in parameters suitable for git commit-tree (mostly the parent list), rewrote known-bad parents to known-good parents, gave the script to git filter-branch --commit-filter, and that solved the problem. (I guess --parent-filter would also have worked; I don't think I saw it in the man page at the time.)

So, well, I won't claim this is an exercise in elegancy. (Perhaps my next adventure will be figuring out how this works in jj, which supposedly has conflicts as more of a first-class concept.) But it got the job done in a couple of hours after fighting with rebase for a long time, the PR was reviewed, and now the Stockfish cluster branch is a little bit more alive.

22 January, 2026 07:45AM

January 21, 2026

hackergotchi for Evgeni Golov

Evgeni Golov

Validating cloud-init configs without being root

Somehow this whole DevOps thing is all about generating the wildest things from some (usually equally wild) template.

And today we're gonna generate YAML from ERB, what could possibly go wrong?!

Well, actually, quite a lot, so one wants to validate the generated result before using it to break systems at scale.

The YAML we generate is a cloud-init cloud-config, and while checking that we generated a valid YAML document is easy (and we were already doing that), it would be much better if we could check that cloud-init can actually use it.

Enter cloud-init schema, or so I thought. Turns out running cloud-init schema is rather broken without root privileges, as it tries to load a ton of information from the running system. This seems like a bug (or multiple), as the data should not be required for the validation of the schema itself. I've not found a way to disable that behavior.

Luckily, I know Python.

Enter evgeni-knows-better-and-can-write-python:

#!/usr/bin/env python3

import sys
from cloudinit.config.schema import get_schema, validate_cloudconfig_file, SchemaValidationError

try:
    valid = validate_cloudconfig_file(config_path=sys.argv[1], schema=get_schema())
    if not valid:
        raise RuntimeError("Schema is not valid")
except (SchemaValidationError, RuntimeError) as e:
    print(e)
    sys.exit(1)

The canonical1 version if this lives in the Foreman git repo, so go there if you think this will ever receive any updates.

The hardest part was to understand thevalidate_cloudconfig_file API, as it will sometimes raise an SchemaValidationError, sometimes a RuntimeError and sometimes just return False. No idea why. But the above just turns it into a couple of printed lines and a non zero exit code, unless of course there are no problems, then you get peaceful silence.

  1. "canonical", not "Canonical" ↩

21 January, 2026 07:42PM by evgeni

January 20, 2026

Sahil Dhiman

Conferences, why?

Back in December, I was working to help organize multiple different conferences. One has already happened; the rest are still works in progress. That’s when the thought struck me: why so many conferences, and why do I work for them?

I have been fairly active in the scene since 2020. For most conferences, I usually arrive late in the city on the previous day and usually leave the city on conference close day. Conferences for me are the place to meet friends and new folks and hear about them, their work, new developments, and what’s happening in their interest zones. I feel naturally happy talking to folks. In this case, people inspire me to work. Nothing can replace a passionate technical and social discussion, which stretches way into dinner parties and later.

For most conference discussions now, I just show up without a set role (DebConf is probably an exception to it). It usually involves talking to folks, suggesting what needs to be done, doing a bit of it myself, and finishing some last-minute stuff during the actual thing.

Having more of these conferences and helping make them happen naturally gives everyone more places to come together, meet, talk, and work on something.

No doubt, one reason for all these conferences is evangelism for, let’s say Free Software, OpenStreetMap, Debian etc. which is good and needed for the pipeline. But for me, the primary reason would always be meeting folks.

20 January, 2026 02:27AM

January 19, 2026

hackergotchi for Dirk Eddelbuettel

Dirk Eddelbuettel

RApiDatetime 0.0.11 on CRAN: Micro-Maintenance

A new (micro) maintenance release of our RApiDatetime package is now on CRAN, coming only a good week after the 0.0.10 release which itself had a two year gap to its predecessor release.

RApiDatetime provides a number of entry points for C-level functions of the R API for Date and Datetime calculations. The functions asPOSIXlt and asPOSIXct convert between long and compact datetime representation, formatPOSIXlt and Rstrptime convert to and from character strings, and POSIXlt2D and D2POSIXlt convert between Date and POSIXlt datetime. Lastly, asDatePOSIXct converts to a date type. All these functions are rather useful, but were not previously exported by R for C-level use by other packages. Which this package aims to change.

This release adds a single (and ) around one variable as the rchk container and service by Tomas now flagged this. Which is … somewhat peculiar, as this is old code also ‘borrowed’ from R itself but no point arguing so I just added this.

Details of the release follow based on the NEWS file.

Changes in RApiDatetime version 0.0.11 (2026-01-19)

  • Add PROTECT (and UNPROTECT) to appease rchk

Courtesy of my CRANberries, there is also a diffstat report for this release.

This post by Dirk Eddelbuettel originated on his Thinking inside the box blog. If you like this or other open-source work I do, you can sponsor me at GitHub.

19 January, 2026 11:21PM

Isoken Ibizugbe

Mid-Point Project Progress

Halfway There

Hurray! 🎉 I have officially reached the 6-week mark, the halfway point of my Outreachy internship. The time has flown by incredibly fast, yet it feels short because there is still so much exciting work to do.

I remember starting this journey feeling overwhelmed, trying to gain momentum. Today, I feel much more confident. I began with the apps_startstop task during the contribution period, writing manual test steps and creating preparation Perl scripts for the desktop environments. Since then, I’ve transitioned into full automation and taken a liking to reading openQA upstream documentation when I have issues or for reference.

In all of this, I’ve committed over 30 hours a week to the project. This dedicated time has allowed me to look in-depth into the Debian ecosystem and automated quality assurance.

The Original Roadmap vs. Reality

Reviewing my 12-week goal, which included extending automated tests for “live image testing,” “installer testing,” and “documentation,” I am happy to report that I am right on track. My work on desktop apps tests has directly improved the quality of both the Live Images and the netinst (network installer) ISOs.

Accomplishments

I have successfully extended the apps_startstop tests for two Desktop Environments (DEs): Cinnamon and LXQt. These tests ensure that common and DE specific apps launch and close correctly across different environments.

  • Merged Milestone: My Cinnamon tests have been officially merged into the upstream repository! [MR !84]
  • LXQt & Adaptability: I am in the final stages of the LXQt tests. Interestingly, I had to update these tests mid-way through because of a version update in the DE. This required me to update the needles (image references) to match the new UI, a great lesson in software maintenance.

Solving for “Synergy”

One of my favorite challenges was suggested by my mentor, Roland: synergizing the tests to reduce redundancy. I observed that some applications (like Firefox and LibreOffice) behave identically across different desktops. Instead of duplicating Perl scripts/code for every single DE, I used symbolic links. This allows the use of the same Perl script and possibly the same needles, making the test suite lighter and much easier to maintain.

The Contributor Guide

During the contribution phase, I noticed how rigid the documentation and coding style requirements are. While this ensures high standards and uniformity, it can be intimidating for newcomers and time-consuming for reviewers.

To help, I created a contributor guide [MR !97]. This guide addresses the project’s writing style. My goal is to reduce the back-and-forth during reviews, making the process more efficient for everyone and helping new contributors.

Looking Forward

For the second half of the internship, I plan to:

  1. Assist others: Help new contributors extend apps start-stop tests to even more desktop environments.
  2. Explore new coverage: Move beyond start-stop tests into deeper functional testing.

This journey has been an amazing experience of learning and connecting with the wider open-source community, especially Debian Women and the Linux QA team.

I am deeply grateful to my mentors, Tassia Camoes Araujo, Roland Clobus, and Philip Hands, for their constant guidance and for believing in my ability to take on this project.

Here’s to the next 6 weeks 🥂

19 January, 2026 09:15PM by Isoken Ibizugbe

Hellen Chemtai

Internship Highlights at Outreachy: My Journey with Debian OpenQA

Highlights

Hello world 😀. I am an intern here at Outreachy working with Debian OpenQA Image testing team. The work consists of testing Images with OpenQA. The internship has reached midpoint and here are some of the highlights that I have had so far.

  1. The mentors : Roland Clobus, Tassia Camoes and Philip Hands are very good mentors. I like the constant communication and the help I get while working on the project. I enjoy working with this team.
  2. The community : The contributors, mentors and the greater SUSE OpenQA community are constantly in communication. I learn a lot from these meetings.
  3. The women network : The women of Debian meet and network . The meetings are interactive and we are encouraged to interact.
  4. The project : We are making progress one step at a time. Isoken Ibizugbe is my fellow intern working on start-stop tests. I am working on live installers tests.

Communication

I have learned a lot during my internship. I have always been on the silent path of life with little communication. I once told myself being a developer would hide me behind a computer to avoid socializing. Being in open source especially this internship has helped me out with communication and networking. The team work in the project has helped me a lot

  1. My mentors encourage communication. Giving project updates and stating when we get stuck.
  2. My mentors have scheduled weekly meetings to communicate about the project
  3. We are constantly invited to the SUSE meetings by mentors or by Sam Thursfield who is part of the team.
  4. Female contributors are encouraged to join Debian women monthly meetings for networking

Lessons so far

I have had challenges , solved problems and learned new skills all this while

  1. I have learned Perl, OpenQA configuration, needle editing and improved my Linux and Git skills
  2. I have known how various Images are installed , booted and run through live viewing of tests
  3. I have solved many test errors and learned to work with applications that are needed in the OS installations. e.g. rufus
  4. I have learned how virtual machines work and how to solve errors in regards to them

So far so good. I am grateful to be a contributor towards the project and hope to continue learning.

19 January, 2026 03:28PM by hellen chemtai tay

hackergotchi for Jonathan Dowland

Jonathan Dowland

FOSDEM 2026

I'm going to FOSDEM 2026!

I'm presenting in the Containers dev room. My talk is Java Memory Management in Containers and it's scheduled as the first talk on the first day. I'm the warm-up act!

The Java devroom has been a stalwart at FOSDEM since 2004 (sometimes in other forms), but sadly there's no Java devroom this year. There's a story about that, but it's not mine to tell.

Please recommend to me any interesting talks! Here's a few that caught my eye:

Debian/related:

Containers:

Research:

Other:

19 January, 2026 02:12PM

Francesco Paolo Lovergine

A Terramaster NAS with Debian, take two.

After experimenting at home, the very first professional-grade NAS from Terramaster arrived at work, too, with 12 HDD bays and possibly a pair of M2s. NVME cards. In this case, I again installed a plain Debian distribution, but HDD monitoring required some configuration adjustments to run smartd properly.

A decent approach to data safety is to run regularly scheduled short and long SMART tests on all disks to detect potential damage. Running such tests on all disks at once isn't ideal, so I set up a script to create a staggered configuration and test multiple groups of disks at different times. Note that it is mandatory to read the devices at each reboot because their names and order can change.

Of course, the same principle (short/long test at regular intervals along the week) should be applied for a simpler configuration, as in the case of my home NAS with a pair of RAID1 devices.

What follows is a simple script to create a staggered smartd.conf at boot time:

#!/bin/bash
#
# Save this as /usr/local/bin/create-smartd-conf.sh
#
# Dynamically generate smartd.conf with staggered SMART test scheduling
# at boot time based on discovered ATA devices

# HERE IS A LIST OF DIRECTIVES FOR THIS CONFIGURATION FILE.
# PLEASE SEE THE smartd.conf MAN PAGE FOR DETAILS
#
#   -d TYPE Set the device type: ata, scsi[+TYPE], nvme[,NSID],
#           sat[,auto][,N][+TYPE], usbcypress[,X], usbjmicron[,p][,x][,N],
#           usbprolific, usbsunplus, sntasmedia, sntjmicron[,NSID], sntrealtek,
#           ... (platform specific)
#   -T TYPE Set the tolerance to one of: normal, permissive
#   -o VAL  Enable/disable automatic offline tests (on/off)
#   -S VAL  Enable/disable attribute autosave (on/off)
#   -n MODE No check if: never, sleep[,N][,q], standby[,N][,q], idle[,N][,q]
#   -H      Monitor SMART Health Status, report if failed
#   -s REG  Do Self-Test at time(s) given by regular expression REG
#   -l TYPE Monitor SMART log or self-test status:
#           error, selftest, xerror, offlinests[,ns], selfteststs[,ns]
#   -l scterc,R,W  Set SCT Error Recovery Control
#   -e      Change device setting: aam,[N|off], apm,[N|off], dsn,[on|off],
#           lookahead,[on|off], security-freeze, standby,[N|off], wcache,[on|off]
#   -f      Monitor 'Usage' Attributes, report failures
#   -m ADD  Send email warning to address ADD
#   -M TYPE Modify email warning behavior (see man page)
#   -p      Report changes in 'Prefailure' Attributes
#   -u      Report changes in 'Usage' Attributes
#   -t      Equivalent to -p and -u Directives
#   -r ID   Also report Raw values of Attribute ID with -p, -u or -t
#   -R ID   Track changes in Attribute ID Raw value with -p, -u or -t
#   -i ID   Ignore Attribute ID for -f Directive
#   -I ID   Ignore Attribute ID for -p, -u or -t Directive
#   -C ID[+] Monitor [increases of] Current Pending Sectors in Attribute ID
#   -U ID[+] Monitor [increases of] Offline Uncorrectable Sectors in Attribute ID
#   -W D,I,C Monitor Temperature D)ifference, I)nformal limit, C)ritical limit
#   -v N,ST Modifies labeling of Attribute N (see man page)
#   -P TYPE Drive-specific presets: use, ignore, show, showall
#   -a      Default: -H -f -t -l error -l selftest -l selfteststs -C 197 -U 198
#   -F TYPE Use firmware bug workaround:
#           none, nologdir, samsung, samsung2, samsung3, xerrorlba
#   -c i=N  Set interval between disk checks to N seconds
#    #      Comment: text after a hash sign is ignored
#    \      Line continuation character
# Attribute ID is a decimal integer 1 <= ID <= 255
# except for -C and -U, where ID = 0 turns them off.

set -euo pipefail

# Test schedule configuration
BASE_SCHEDULE="L/../../6"  # Long test on Saturdays
TEST_HOURS=(01 03 05 07)   # 4 time slots: 1am, 3am, 5am, 7am

DEVICES_PER_GROUP=3

main() {
    # Get array of device names (e.g., sda, sdb, sdc)
    mapfile -t devices < <(ls -l /dev/disk/by-id/ | grep ata | awk '{print $11}' | grep sd | cut -d/ -f3 | sort -u)

    if [[ ${#devices[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
        exit 1
    fi

    # Start building config file
    cat << EOF
# smartd.conf - Auto-generated at boot
# Generated: $(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
#
# Staggered SMART test scheduling to avoid concurrent disk load
# Long tests run on Saturdays at different times per group
#
EOF

    # Process devices into groups
    local group=0
    local count_in_group=0

    for i in "${!devices[@]}"; do
        local dev="${devices[$i]}"
        local hour="${TEST_HOURS[$group]}"

        # Add group header at start of each group
        if [[ $count_in_group -eq 0 ]]; then
            echo ""
            echo "# Group $((group + 1)) - Tests at ${hour}:00 on Saturdays"
        fi

        # Add device entry
        #echo "/dev/${dev} -a -o on -S on -s (${BASE_SCHEDULE}/${hour}) -m root"
        echo "/dev/${dev} -a -o on -S on -s (L/../../6/${hour}) -s (S/../.././$(((hour + 12) % 24))) -m root"

        # Move to next group when current group is full
        count_in_group=$((count_in_group + 1))
        if [[ $count_in_group -ge $DEVICES_PER_GROUP ]]; then
            count_in_group=0
            group=$(((group + 1) % ${#TEST_HOURS[@]}))
        fi
    done
}

main "$@"

To run such a script at boot, add a unit file to the systemd configuration.

sudo systemctl  edit --full /etc/systemd/system/regenerate-smartd-conf.service
sudo systemctl enable regenerate-smartd-conf.service

Where the unit service is the following:

[Unit]
Description=Generate smartd.conf with staggered SMART test scheduling
# Wait for all local filesystems and udev device detection
After=local-fs.target systemd-udev-settle.service
Before=smartd.service
Wants=systemd-udev-settle.service
DefaultDependencies=no

[Service]
Type=oneshot
# Only generate the config file, don't touch smartd here
ExecStart=/bin/bash -c '/usr/local/bin/create-smartd-config.sh > /etc/smartd.conf'
StandardOutput=journal
StandardError=journal
RemainAfterExit=yes

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

19 January, 2026 01:00PM by Francesco P. Lovergine (mbox@lovergine.com)

Russell Coker

Furilabs FLX1s

The Aim

I have just got a Furilabs FLX1s [1] which is a phone running a modified version of Debian. I want to have a phone that runs all apps that I control and can observe and debug. Android is very good for what it does and there are security focused forks of Android which have a lot of potential, but for my use a Debian phone is what I want.

The FLX1s is not going to be my ideal phone, I am evaluating it for use as a daily-driver until a phone that meets my ideal criteria is built. In this post I aim to provide information to potential users about what it can do, how it does it, and how to get the basic functions working. I also evaluate how well it meets my usage criteria.

I am not anywhere near an average user. I don’t think an average user would ever even see one unless a more technical relative showed one to them. So while this phone could be used by an average user I am not evaluating it on that basis. But of course the features of the GUI that make a phone usable for an average user will allow a developer to rapidly get past the beginning stages and into more complex stuff.

Features

The Furilabs FLX1s [1] is a phone that is designed to run FuriOS which is a slightly modified version of Debian. The purpose of this is to run Debian instead of Android on a phone. It has switches to disable camera, phone communication, and microphone (similar to the Librem 5) but the one to disable phone communication doesn’t turn off Wifi, the only other phone I know of with such switches is the Purism Librem 5.

It has a 720*1600 display which is only slightly better than the 720*1440 display in the Librem 5 and PinePhone Pro. This doesn’t compare well to the OnePlus 6 from early 2018 with 2280*1080 or the Note9 from late 2018 with 2960*1440 – which are both phones that I’ve run Debian on. The current price is $US499 which isn’t that good when compared to the latest Google Pixel series, a Pixel 10 costs $US649 and has a 2424*1080 display and it also has 12G of RAM while the FLX1s only has 8G. Another annoying thing is how rounded the corners are, it seems that round corners that cut off the content are a standard practice nowadays, in my collection of phones the latest one I found with hard right angles on the display was a Huawei Mate 10 Pro which was released in 2017. The corners are rounder than the Note 9, this annoys me because the screen is not high resolution by today’s standards so losing the corners matters.

The default installation is Phosh (the GNOME shell for phones) and it is very well configured. Based on my experience with older phone users I think I could give a phone with this configuration to a relative in the 70+ age range who has minimal computer knowledge and they would be happy with it. Additionally I could set it up to allow ssh login and instead of going through the phone support thing of trying to describe every GUI setting to click on based on a web page describing menus for the version of Android they are running I could just ssh in and run diff on the .config directory to find out what they changed. Furilabs have done a very good job of setting up the default configuration, while Debian developers deserve a lot of credit for packaging the apps the Furilabs people have chosen a good set of default apps to install to get it going and appear to have made some noteworthy changes to some of them.

Droidian

The OS is based on Android drivers (using the same techniques as Droidian [2]) and the storage device has the huge number of partitions you expect from Android as well as a 110G Ext4 filesystem for the main OS.

The first issue with the Droidian approach of using an Android kernel and containers for user space code to deal with drivers is that it doesn’t work that well. There are 3 D state processes (uninterrupteable sleep – which usually means a kernel bug if the process remains in that state) after booting and doing nothing special. My tests running Droidian on the Note 9 also had D state processes, in this case they are D state kernel threads (I can’t remember if the Note 9 had regular processes or kernel threads stuck in D state). It is possible for a system to have full functionality in spite of some kernel threads in D state but generally it’s a symptom of things not working as well as you would hope.

The design of Droidian is inherently fragile. You use a kernel and user space code from Android and then use Debian for the rest. You can’t do everything the Android way (with the full OS updates etc) and you also can’t do everything the Debian way. The TOW Boot functionality in the PinePhone Pro is really handy for recovery [3], it allows the internal storage to be accessed as a USB mass storage device. The full Android setup with ADB has some OK options for recovery, but part Android and part Debian has less options. While it probably is technically possible to do the same things in regard to OS repair and reinstall the fact that it’s different from most other devices means that fixes can’t be done in the same way.

Applications

GUI

The system uses Phosh and Phoc, the GNOME system for handheld devices. It’s a very different UI from Android, I prefer Android but it is usable with Phosh.

IM

Chatty works well for Jabber (XMPP) in my tests. It supports Matrix which I didn’t test because I don’t desire the same program doing Matrix and Jabber and because Matrix is a heavy protocol which establishes new security keys for each login so I don’t want to keep logging in on new applications.

Chatty also does SMS but I couldn’t test that without the SIM caddy.

I use Nheko for Matrix which has worked very well for me on desktops and laptops running Debian.

Email

I am currently using Geary for email. It works reasonably well but is lacking proper management of folders, so I can’t just subscribe to the important email on my phone so that bandwidth isn’t wasted on less important email (there is a GNOME gitlab issue about this – see the Debian Wiki page about Mobile apps [4]).

Music

Music playing isn’t a noteworthy thing for a desktop or laptop, but a good music player is important for phone use. The Lollypop music player generally does everything you expect along with support for all the encoding formats including FLAC0 – a major limitation of most Android music players seems to be lack of support for some of the common encoding formats. Lollypop has it’s controls for pause/play and going forward and backward one track on the lock screen.

Maps

The installed map program is gnome-maps which works reasonably well. It gets directions via the Graphhopper API [5]. One thing we really need is a FOSS replacement for Graphhopper in GNOME Maps.

Delivery and Unboxing

I received my FLX1s on the 13th of Jan [1]. I had paid for it on the 16th of Oct but hadn’t received the email with the confirmation link so the order had been put on hold. But after I contacted support about that on the 5th of Jan they rapidly got it to me which was good. They also gave me a free case and screen protector to apologise, I don’t usually use screen protectors but in this case it might be useful as the edges of the case don’t even extend 0.5mm above the screen. So if it falls face down the case won’t help much.

When I got it there was an open space at the bottom where the caddy for SIMs is supposed to be. So I couldn’t immediately test VoLTE functionality. The contact form on their web site wasn’t working when I tried to report that and the email for support was bouncing.

Bluetooth

As a test of Bluetooth I connected it to my Nissan LEAF which worked well for playing music and I connected it to several Bluetooth headphones. My Thinkpad running Debian/Trixie doesn’t connect to the LEAF and to headphones which have worked on previous laptops running Debian and Ubuntu. A friend’s laptop running Debian/Trixie also wouldn’t connect to the LEAF so I suspect a bug in Trixie, I need to spend more time investigating this.

Wifi

Currently 5GHz wifi doesn’t work, this is a software bug that the Furilabs people are working on. 2.4GHz wifi works fine. I haven’t tested running a hotspot due to being unable to get 4G working as they haven’t yet shipped me the SIM caddy.

Docking

This phone doesn’t support DP Alt-mode or Thunderbolt docking so it can’t drive an external monitor. This is disappointing, Samsung phones and tablets have supported such things since long before USB-C was invented. Samsung DeX is quite handy for Android devices and that type feature is much more useful on a device running Debian than on an Android device.

Camera

The camera works reasonably well on the FLX1s. Until recently for the Librem 5 the camera didn’t work and the camera on my PinePhone Pro currently doesn’t work. Here are samples of the regular camera and the selfie camera on the FLX1s and the Note 9. I think this shows that the camera is pretty decent. The selfie looks better and the front camera is worse for the relatively close photo of a laptop screen – taking photos of computer screens is an important part of my work but I can probably work around that.

I wasn’t assessing this camera t find out if it’s great, just to find out if I have the sorts of problems I had before and it just worked. The Samsung Galaxy Note series of phones has always had decent specs including good cameras. Even though the Note 9 is old comparing to it is a respectable performance. The lighting was poor for all photos.

FLX1s


Note 9


Power Use

In 93 minutes having the PinePhone Pro, Librem 5, and FLX1s online with open ssh sessions from my workstation the PinePhone Pro went from 100% battery to 26%, the Librem 5 went from 95% to 69%, and the FLX1s went from 100% to 99%. The battery discharge rate of them was reported as 3.0W, 2.6W, and 0.39W respectively. Based on having a 16.7Wh battery 93 minutes of use should have been close to 4% battery use, but in any case all measurements make it clear that the FLX1s will have a much longer battery life. Including the measurement of just putting my fingers on the phones and feeling the temperature (FLX1s felt cool and the others felt hot).

The PinePhone Pro and the Librem 5 have an optional “Caffeine mode” which I enabled for this test, without that enabled the phone goes into a sleep state and disconnects from Wifi. So those phones would use much less power with caffeine mode enabled, but they also couldn’t get fast response to notifications etc. I found the option to enable a Caffeine mode switch on the FLX1s but the power use was reported as being the same both with and without it.

Charging

One problem I found with my phone is that in every case it takes 22 seconds to negotiate power. Even when using straight USB charging (no BC or PD) it doesn’t draw any current for 22 seconds. When I connect it it will stay at 5V and varying between 0W and 0.1W (current rounded off to zero) for 22 seconds or so and then start charging. After the 22 second display the phone will make the tick sound indicating that it’s charging and the power meter will measure that it’s drawing some current.

I added the table from my previous post about phone charging speed [6] with an extra row for the FLX1s. For charging from my PC USB ports the results were the worst ever, the port that does BC did not work at all it was looping trying to negotiate after a 22 second negotiation delay the port would turn off. The non-BC port gave only 2.4W which matches the 2.5W given by the spec for a “High-power device” which is what that port is designed to give. In a discussion on the Purism forum about the Librem5 charging speed one of their engineers told me that the reason why their phone would draw 2A from that port was because the cable was identifying itself as a USB-C port not a “High-power device” port. But for some reason out of the 7 phones I tested the FLX1s and the One Plus 6 are the only ones to limit themselves to what the port is apparently supposed to do. Also the One Plus 6 charges slowly on every power supply so I don’t know if it is obeying the spec or just sucking.

On a cheap AliExpress charger the FLX1s gets 5.9V and on a USB battery it gets 5.8V. Out of all 42 combinations of device and charger I tested these were the only ones to involve more than 5.1V but less than 9V. I welcome comments suggesting an explanation.

The case that I received has a hole for the USB-C connector that isn’t wide enough for the plastic surrounds on most of my USB-C cables (including the Dell dock). Also to make a connection requires a fairly deep insertion (deeper than the One Plus 6 or the Note 9). So without adjustment I have to take the case off to charge it. It’s no big deal to adjust the hole (I have done it with other cases) but it’s an annoyance.

Phone Top z640 Bottom Z640 Monitor Ali Charger Dell Dock Battery Best Worst
FLX1s FAIL 5.0V 0.49A 2.4W 4.8V 1.9A 9.0W 5.9V 1.8A 11W 4.8V 2.1A 10W 5.8V 2.1A 12W 5.8V 2.1A 12W 5.0V 0.49A 2.4W
Note9 4.8V 1.0A 5.2W 4.8V 1.6A 7.5W 4.9V 2.0A 9.5W 5.1V 1.9A 9.7W 4.8V 2.1A 10W 5.1V 2.1A 10W 5.1V 2.1A 10W 4.8V 1.0A 5.2W
Pixel 7 pro 4.9V 0.80A 4.2W 4.8V 1.2A 5.9W 9.1V 1.3A 12W 9.1V 1.2A 11W 4.9V 1.8A 8.7W 9.0V 1.3A 12W 9.1V 1.3A 12W 4.9V 0.80A 4.2W
Pixel 8 4.7V 1.2A 5.4W 4.7V 1.5A 7.2W 8.9V 2.1A 19W 9.1V 2.7A 24W 4.8V 2.3A 11.0W 9.1V 2.6A 24W 9.1V 2.7A 24W 4.7V 1.2A 5.4W
PPP 4.7V 1.2A 6.0W 4.8V 1.3A 6.8W 4.9V 1.4A 6.6W 5.0V 1.2A 5.8W 4.9V 1.4A 5.9W 5.1V 1.2A 6.3W 4.8V 1.3A 6.8W 5.0V 1.2A 5.8W
Librem 5 4.4V 1.5A 6.7W 4.6V 2.0A 9.2W 4.8V 2.4A 11.2W 12V 0.48A 5.8W 5.0V 0.56A 2.7W 5.1V 2.0A 10W 4.8V 2.4A 11.2W 5.0V 0.56A 2.7W
OnePlus6 5.0V 0.51A 2.5W 5.0V 0.50A 2.5W 5.0V 0.81A 4.0W 5.0V 0.75A 3.7W 5.0V 0.77A 3.7W 5.0V 0.77A 3.9W 5.0V 0.81A 4.0W 5.0V 0.50A 2.5W
Best 4.4V 1.5A 6.7W 4.6V 2.0A 9.2W 8.9V 2.1A 19W 9.1V 2.7A 24W 4.8V 2.3A 11.0W 9.1V 2.6A 24W

Conclusion

The Furilabs support people are friendly and enthusiastic but my customer experience wasn’t ideal. It was good that they could quickly respond to my missing order status and the missing SIM caddy (which I still haven’t received but believe is in the mail) but it would be better if such things just didn’t happen.

The phone is quite user friendly and could be used by a novice.

I paid $US577 for the FLX1s which is $AU863 by today’s exchange rates. For comparison I could get a refurbished Pixel 9 Pro Fold for $891 from Kogan (the major Australian mail-order company for technology) or a refurbished Pixel 9 Pro XL for $842. The Pixel 9 series has security support until 2031 which is probably longer than you can expect a phone to be used without being broken. So a phone with a much higher resolution screen that’s only one generation behind the latest high end phones and is refurbished will cost less. For a brand new phone a Pixel 8 Pro which has security updates until 2030 costs $874 and a Pixel 9A which has security updates until 2032 costs $861.

Doing what the Furilabs people have done is not a small project. It’s a significant amount of work and the prices of their products need to cover that. I’m not saying that the prices are bad, just that economies of scale and the large quantity of older stock makes the older Google products quite good value for money. The new Pixel phones of the latest models are unreasonably expensive. The Pixel 10 is selling new from Google for $AU1,149 which I consider a ridiculous price that I would not pay given the market for used phones etc. If I had a choice of $1,149 or a “feature phone” I’d pay $1,149. But the FLX1s for $863 is a much better option for me. If all I had to choose from was a new Pixel 10 or a FLX1s for my parents I’d get them the FLX1s.

For a FOSS developer a FLX1s could be a mobile test and development system which could be lent to a relative when their main phone breaks and the replacement is on order. It seems to be fit for use as a commodity phone. Note that I give this review on the assumption that SMS and VoLTE will just work, I haven’t tested them yet.

The UI on the FLX1s is functional and easy enough for a new user while allowing an advanced user to do the things they desire. I prefer the Android style and the Plasma Mobile style is closer to Android than Phosh is, but changing it is something I can do later. Generally I think that the differences between UIs matter more when on a desktop environment that could be used for more complex tasks than on a phone which limits what can be done by the size of the screen.

I am comparing the FLX1s to Android phones on the basis of what technology is available. But most people who would consider buying this phone will compare it to the PinePhone Pro and the Librem 5 as they have similar uses. The FLX1s beats both those phones handily in terms of battery life and of having everything just work. But it has the most non free software of the three and the people who want the $2000 Librem 5 that’s entirely made in the US won’t want the FLX1s.

This isn’t the destination for Debian based phones, but it’s a good step on the way to it and I don’t think I’ll regret this purchase.

Related posts:

  1. Phone Charging Speeds With Debian/Trixie One of the problems I encountered with the PinePhone Pro...
  2. Pixel 6A I have just bought a Pixel 6A [1] for my...
  3. More About the Librem 5 I concluded my previous post about the Purism Librem 5...

19 January, 2026 06:43AM by etbe

Vincent Bernat

RAID 5 with mixed-capacity disks on Linux

Standard RAID solutions waste space when disks have different sizes. Linux software RAID with LVM uses the full capacity of each disk and lets you grow storage by replacing one or two disks at a time.

We start with four disks of equal size:

$ lsblk -Mo NAME,TYPE,SIZE
NAME TYPE  SIZE
vda  disk  101M
vdb  disk  101M
vdc  disk  101M
vdd  disk  101M

We create one partition on each of them:

$ sgdisk --zap-all --new=0:0:0 -t 0:fd00 /dev/vda
$ sgdisk --zap-all --new=0:0:0 -t 0:fd00 /dev/vdb
$ sgdisk --zap-all --new=0:0:0 -t 0:fd00 /dev/vdc
$ sgdisk --zap-all --new=0:0:0 -t 0:fd00 /dev/vdd
$ lsblk -Mo NAME,TYPE,SIZE
NAME   TYPE  SIZE
vda    disk  101M
└─vda1 part  100M
vdb    disk  101M
└─vdb1 part  100M
vdc    disk  101M
└─vdc1 part  100M
vdd    disk  101M
└─vdd1 part  100M

We set up a RAID 5 device by assembling the four partitions:1

$ mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=raid5 --bitmap=internal --raid-devices=4 \
>   /dev/vda1 /dev/vdb1 /dev/vdc1 /dev/vdd1
$ lsblk -Mo NAME,TYPE,SIZE
    NAME          TYPE    SIZE
    vda           disk    101M
┌┈▶ └─vda1        part    100M
┆   vdb           disk    101M
├┈▶ └─vdb1        part    100M
┆   vdc           disk    101M
├┈▶ └─vdc1        part    100M
┆   vdd           disk    101M
└┬▶ └─vdd1        part    100M
 └┈┈md0           raid5 292.5M
$ cat /proc/mdstat
md0 : active raid5 vdd1[4] vdc1[2] vdb1[1] vda1[0]
      299520 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk

We use LVM to create logical volumes on top of the RAID 5 device.

$ pvcreate /dev/md0
  Physical volume "/dev/md0" successfully created.
$ vgcreate data /dev/md0
  Volume group "data" successfully created
$ lvcreate -L 100m -n bits data
  Logical volume "bits" created.
$ lvcreate -L 100m -n pieces data
  Logical volume "pieces" created.
$ mkfs.ext4 -q /dev/data/bits
$ mkfs.ext4 -q /dev/data/pieces
$ lsblk -Mo NAME,TYPE,SIZE
    NAME          TYPE    SIZE
    vda           disk    101M
┌┈▶ └─vda1        part    100M
┆   vdb           disk    101M
├┈▶ └─vdb1        part    100M
┆   vdc           disk    101M
├┈▶ └─vdc1        part    100M
┆   vdd           disk    101M
└┬▶ └─vdd1        part    100M
 └┈┈md0           raid5 292.5M
    ├─data-bits   lvm     100M
    └─data-pieces lvm     100M
$ vgs
  VG   #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree
  data   1   2   0 wz--n- 288.00m 88.00m

This gives us the following setup:

One RAID 5 device built from four partitions from four disks of equal capacity. The RAID device is part of an LVM volume group with two logical volumes.
RAID 5 setup with disks of equal capacity

We replace /dev/vda with a bigger disk. We add it back to the RAID 5 array after copying the partitions from /dev/vdb:

$ cat /proc/mdstat
md0 : active (auto-read-only) raid5 vdb1[1] vdd1[4] vdc1[2]
      299520 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/3] [_UUU]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk
$ sgdisk --replicate=/dev/vda /dev/vdb
$ sgdisk --randomize-guids /dev/vda
$ mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --add /dev/vda1
$ cat /proc/mdstat
md0 : active raid5 vda1[5] vdb1[1] vdd1[4] vdc1[2]
      299520 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk

We do not use the additional capacity: this setup would not survive the loss of /dev/vda because we have no spare capacity. We need a second disk replacement, like /dev/vdb:

$ cat /proc/mdstat
md0 : active (auto-read-only) raid5 vda1[5] vdd1[4] vdc1[2]
      299520 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/3] [U_UU]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk
$ sgdisk --replicate=/dev/vdb /dev/vdc
$ sgdisk --randomize-guids /dev/vdb
$ mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --add /dev/vdb1
$ cat /proc/mdstat
md0 : active raid5 vdb1[6] vda1[5] vdd1[4] vdc1[2]
      299520 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk

We create a new RAID 1 array by using the free space on /dev/vda and /dev/vdb:

$ sgdisk --new=0:0:0 -t 0:fd00 /dev/vda
$ sgdisk --new=0:0:0 -t 0:fd00 /dev/vdb
$ mdadm --create /dev/md1 --level=raid1 --bitmap=internal --raid-devices=2 \
>   /dev/vda2 /dev/vdb2
$ cat /proc/mdstat
md1 : active raid1 vdb2[1] vda2[0]
      101312 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk

md0 : active raid5 vdb1[6] vda1[5] vdd1[4] vdc1[2]
      299520 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk

We add /dev/md1 to the volume group:

$ pvcreate /dev/md1
  Physical volume "/dev/md1" successfully created.
$ vgextend data /dev/md1
  Volume group "data" successfully extended
$ vgs
  VG   #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree
  data   2   2   0 wz--n- 384.00m 184.00m
$  lsblk -Mo NAME,TYPE,SIZE
       NAME          TYPE    SIZE
       vda           disk    201M
   ┌┈▶ ├─vda1        part    100M
┌┈▶┆   └─vda2        part    100M
┆  ┆   vdb           disk    201M
┆  ├┈▶ ├─vdb1        part    100M
└┬▶┆   └─vdb2        part    100M
 └┈┆┈┈┈md1           raid1  98.9M
   ┆   vdc           disk    101M
   ├┈▶ └─vdc1        part    100M
   ┆   vdd           disk    101M
   └┬▶ └─vdd1        part    100M
    └┈┈md0           raid5 292.5M
       ├─data-bits   lvm     100M
       └─data-pieces lvm     100M

This gives us the following setup:2

One RAID 5 device built from four partitions and one RAID 1 device built from two partitions. The two last disks are smaller. The two RAID devices are part of a single LVM volume group.
Setup mixing both RAID 1 and RAID 5

We extend our capacity further by replacing /dev/vdc:

$ cat /proc/mdstat
md1 : active (auto-read-only) raid1 vda2[0] vdb2[1]
      101312 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk

md0 : active (auto-read-only) raid5 vda1[5] vdd1[4] vdb1[6]
      299520 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/3] [UU_U]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk
$ sgdisk --replicate=/dev/vdc /dev/vdb
$ sgdisk --randomize-guids /dev/vdc
$ mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --add /dev/vdc1
$ cat /proc/mdstat
md1 : active (auto-read-only) raid1 vda2[0] vdb2[1]
      101312 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk

md0 : active raid5 vdc1[7] vda1[5] vdd1[4] vdb1[6]
      299520 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk

Then, we convert /dev/md1 from RAID 1 to RAID 5:

$ mdadm --grow /dev/md1 --level=5 --raid-devices=3 --add /dev/vdc2
mdadm: level of /dev/md1 changed to raid5
mdadm: added /dev/vdc2
$ cat /proc/mdstat
md1 : active raid5 vdc2[2] vda2[0] vdb2[1]
      202624 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk

md0 : active raid5 vdc1[7] vda1[5] vdd1[4] vdb1[6]
      299520 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk
$ pvresize /dev/md1
$ vgs
  VG   #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree
  data   2   2   0 wz--n- 482.00m 282.00m

This gives us the following layout:

Two RAID 5 devices built from four disks of different sizes. The last disk is smaller and contains only one partition, while the others have two partitions: one for /dev/md0 and one for /dev/md1. The two RAID devices are part of a single LVM volume group.
RAID 5 setup with mixed-capacity disks using partitions and LVM

We further extend our capacity by replacing /dev/vdd:

$ cat /proc/mdstat
md0 : active (auto-read-only) raid5 vda1[5] vdc1[7] vdb1[6]
      299520 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/3] [UUU_]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk

md1 : active (auto-read-only) raid5 vda2[0] vdc2[2] vdb2[1]
      202624 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk
$ sgdisk --replicate=/dev/vdd /dev/vdc
$ sgdisk --randomize-guids /dev/vdd
$ mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --add /dev/vdd1
$ cat /proc/mdstat
md0 : active raid5 vdd1[4] vda1[5] vdc1[7] vdb1[6]
      299520 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk

md1 : active (auto-read-only) raid5 vda2[0] vdc2[2] vdb2[1]
      202624 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk

We grow the second RAID 5 array:

$ mdadm --grow /dev/md1 --raid-devices=4 --add /dev/vdd2
mdadm: added /dev/vdd2
$ cat /proc/mdstat
md0 : active raid5 vdd1[4] vda1[5] vdc1[7] vdb1[6]
      299520 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk

md1 : active raid5 vdd2[3] vda2[0] vdc2[2] vdb2[1]
      303936 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU]
      bitmap: 0/1 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk
$ pvresize /dev/md1
$ vgs
  VG   #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree
  data   2   2   0 wz--n- 580.00m 380.00m
$ lsblk -Mo NAME,TYPE,SIZE
       NAME          TYPE    SIZE
       vda           disk    201M
   ┌┈▶ ├─vda1        part    100M
┌┈▶┆   └─vda2        part    100M
┆  ┆   vdb           disk    201M
┆  ├┈▶ ├─vdb1        part    100M
├┈▶┆   └─vdb2        part    100M
┆  ┆   vdc           disk    201M
┆  ├┈▶ ├─vdc1        part    100M
├┈▶┆   └─vdc2        part    100M
┆  ┆   vdd           disk    301M
┆  └┬▶ ├─vdd1        part    100M
└┬▶ ┆  └─vdd2        part    100M
 ┆  └┈┈md0           raid5 292.5M
 ┆     ├─data-bits   lvm     100M
 ┆     └─data-pieces lvm     100M
 └┈┈┈┈┈md1           raid5 296.8M

You can continue by replacing each disk one by one using the same steps. ♾️

  1. Write-intent bitmaps speed up recovery of the RAID array after a power failure by marking unsynchronized regions as dirty. They have an impact on performance, but I did not measure it myself. ↩︎

  2. In the lsblk output, /dev/md1 appears unused because the logical volumes do not use any space from it yet. Once you create more logical volumes or extend them, lsblk will reflect the usage. ↩︎

19 January, 2026 05:49AM by Vincent Bernat

Dima Kogan

mrcal 2.5 released!

mrcal 2.5 is out: the release notes. Once again, this is mostly a bug-fix release en route to the big new features coming in 3.0.

One cool thing is that these tools have now matured enough to no longer be considered experimental. They have been used with great success in lots of contexts across many different projects and organizations. Some highlights:

  • I've calibrated extremely wide lenses
  • and extremely narrow lenses
  • and joint systems containing many different kinds of lenses
  • with lots of cameras at the same time. The biggest single joint calibration I've done today had 10 cameras, but I'll almost certainly encounter bigger systems in the future
  • mrcal has been used to process both visible and thermal cameras
  • The new triangulated-feature capability has been used in a structure-from-motion context to compute the world geometry on-line.
  • mrcal has been used with weird experimental setups employing custom calibration objects and single-view solves
  • mrcal has calibrated joint camera-LIDAR systems
  • and joint camera-IMU systems
  • Lots of students use mrcal as part of PhotonVision, the toolkit used by teams in the FIRST Robotics Competition

Some of the above is new, and not yet fully polished and documented and tested, but it works.

In mrcal 2.5, most of the implementation of some new big features is written and committed, but it's still incomplete. The new stuff is there, but is lightly tested and documented. This will be completed eventually in mrcal 3.0:

  • Cross-reprojection uncertainty, to be able to perform full calibrations with a splined model and without a chessboard. mrcal-show-projection-uncertainty --method cross-reprojection-rrp-Jfp is available today, and works in the usual moving-chessboard-stationary camera case. Fully boardless coming later.
  • More general view of uncertainty and diffs. I want to support extrinsics-only and/or intrinsics computations-only in lots of scenarios. Uncertainty in point solves is already available in some conditions, for instance if the points are fixed. New mrcal-show-stereo-pair-diff tool reports an extrinsics+intrinsics diff between two calibrations of a stereo pair; experimental analyses/extrinsics-stability.py tool reports an extrinsics-only diff. These are in contrast to the intrinsics-only uncertainty and diffs in the existing mrcal-show-projection-diff and mrcal-show-projection-uncertainty tools. Some documentation in the uncertainty and differencing pages.
  • Implicit point solves, using the triangulation routines in the optimization cost function. Should produce much more efficient structure-from-motion solves. This is all the "triangulated-features" stuff. The cost function is primarily built around _mrcal_triangulated_error(). This is demoed in test/test-sfm-triangulated-points.py. And I've been using _mrcal_triangulated_error() in structure-from-motion implementations within other optimization routines.

mrcal is quite good already, and will be even better in the future. Try it today!

19 January, 2026 12:00AM by Dima Kogan

January 17, 2026

Simon Josefsson

Backup of S3 Objects Using rsnapshot

I’ve been using rsnapshot to take backups of around 10 servers and laptops for well over 15 years, and it is a remarkably reliable tool that has proven itself many times. Rsnapshot uses rsync over SSH and maintains a temporal hard-link file pool. Once rsnapshot is configured and running, on the backup server, you get a hardlink farm with directories like this for the remote server:

/backup/serverA.domain/.sync/foo
/backup/serverA.domain/daily.0/foo
/backup/serverA.domain/daily.1/foo
/backup/serverA.domain/daily.2/foo
...
/backup/serverA.domain/daily.6/foo
/backup/serverA.domain/weekly.0/foo
/backup/serverA.domain/weekly.1/foo
...
/backup/serverA.domain/monthly.0/foo
/backup/serverA.domain/monthly.1/foo
...
/backup/serverA.domain/yearly.0/foo

I can browse and rescue files easily, going back in time when needed.

The rsnapshot project README explains more, there is a long rsnapshot HOWTO although I usually find the rsnapshot man page the easiest to digest.

I have stored multi-TB Git-LFS data on GitLab.com for some time. The yearly renewal is coming up, and the price for Git-LFS storage on GitLab.com is now excessive (~$10.000/year). I have reworked my work-flow and finally migrated debdistget to only store Git-LFS stubs on GitLab.com and push the real files to S3 object storage. The cost for this is barely measurable, I have yet to run into the €25/month warning threshold.

But how do you backup stuff stored in S3?

For some time, my S3 backup solution has been to run the minio-client mirror command to download all S3 objects to my laptop, and rely on rsnapshot to keep backups of this. While 4TB NVME’s are relatively cheap, I’ve felt that this disk and network churn on my laptop is unsatisfactory for quite some time.

What is a better approach?

I find S3 hosting sites fairly unreliable by design. Only a couple of clicks in your web browser and you have dropped 100TB of data. Or by someone else who steal your plaintext-equivalent cookie. Thus, I haven’t really felt comfortable using any S3-based backup option. I prefer to self-host, although continously running a mirror job is not sufficient: if I accidentally drop the entire S3 object store, my mirror run will remove all files locally too.

The rsnapshot approach that allows going back in time and having data on self-managed servers feels superior to me.

What if we could use rsnapshot with a S3 client instead of rsync?

Someone else asked about this several years ago, and the suggestion was to use the fuse-based s3fs which sounded unreliable to me. After some experimentation, working around some hard-coded assumption in the rsnapshot implementation, I came up with a small configuration pattern and a wrapper tool to implement what I desired.

Here is my configuration snippet:

cmd_rsync    /backup/s3/s3rsync
rsync_short_args    -Q
rsync_long_args    --json --remove
lockfile    /backup/s3/rsnapshot.pid
snapshot_root    /backup/s3
backup    s3:://hetzner/debdistget-gnuinos    ./debdistget-gnuinos
backup    s3:://hetzner/debdistget-tacos  ./debdistget-tacos
backup    s3:://hetzner/debdistget-diffos ./debdistget-diffos
backup    s3:://hetzner/debdistget-pureos ./debdistget-pureos
backup    s3:://hetzner/debdistget-kali   ./debdistget-kali
backup    s3:://hetzner/debdistget-devuan ./debdistget-devuan
backup    s3:://hetzner/debdistget-trisquel   ./debdistget-trisquel
backup    s3:://hetzner/debdistget-debian ./debdistget-debian

The idea is to save a backup of a couple of S3 buckets under /backup/s3/.

I have some scripts that take a complete rsnapshot.conf file and append my per-directory configuration so that this becomes a complete configuration. If you are curious how I roll this, backup-all invokes backup-one appending my rsnapshot.conf template with the snippet above.

The s3rsync wrapper script is the essential hack to convert rsnapshot’s rsync parameters into something that talks S3 and the script is as follows:

#!/bin/sh

set -eu

S3ARG=
for ARG in "$@"; do
    case $ARG in
    s3:://*) S3ARG="$S3ARG "$(echo $ARG | sed -e 's,s3:://,,');;
    -Q*) ;;
    *) S3ARG="$S3ARG $ARG";;
    esac
done

echo /backup/s3/mc mirror $S3ARG

exec /backup/s3/mc mirror $S3ARG

It uses the minio-client tool. I first tried s3cmd but its sync command read all files to compute MD5 checksums every time you invoke it, which is very slow. The mc mirror command is blazingly fast since it only compare mtime’s, just like rsync or git.

First you need to store credentials for your S3 bucket. These are stored in plaintext in ~/.mc/config.json which I find to be sloppy security practices, but I don’t know of any better way to do this. Replace AKEY and SKEY with your access token and secret token from your S3 provider:

/backup/s3/mc alias set hetzner AKEY SKEY

If I invoke a sync job for a fully synced up directory the output looks like this:

root@hamster /backup# /run/current-system/profile/bin/rsnapshot -c /backup/s3/rsnapshot.conf -V sync
Setting locale to POSIX "C"
echo 1443 > /backup/s3/rsnapshot.pid 
/backup/s3/s3rsync -Qv --json --remove s3:://hetzner/debdistget-gnuinos \
    /backup/s3/.sync//debdistget-gnuinos 
/backup/s3/mc mirror --json --remove hetzner/debdistget-gnuinos /backup/s3/.sync//debdistget-gnuinos
{"status":"success","total":0,"transferred":0,"duration":0,"speed":0}
/backup/s3/s3rsync -Qv --json --remove s3:://hetzner/debdistget-tacos \
    /backup/s3/.sync//debdistget-tacos 
/backup/s3/mc mirror --json --remove hetzner/debdistget-tacos /backup/s3/.sync//debdistget-tacos
{"status":"success","total":0,"transferred":0,"duration":0,"speed":0}
/backup/s3/s3rsync -Qv --json --remove s3:://hetzner/debdistget-diffos \
    /backup/s3/.sync//debdistget-diffos 
/backup/s3/mc mirror --json --remove hetzner/debdistget-diffos /backup/s3/.sync//debdistget-diffos
{"status":"success","total":0,"transferred":0,"duration":0,"speed":0}
/backup/s3/s3rsync -Qv --json --remove s3:://hetzner/debdistget-pureos \
    /backup/s3/.sync//debdistget-pureos 
/backup/s3/mc mirror --json --remove hetzner/debdistget-pureos /backup/s3/.sync//debdistget-pureos
{"status":"success","total":0,"transferred":0,"duration":0,"speed":0}
/backup/s3/s3rsync -Qv --json --remove s3:://hetzner/debdistget-kali \
    /backup/s3/.sync//debdistget-kali 
/backup/s3/mc mirror --json --remove hetzner/debdistget-kali /backup/s3/.sync//debdistget-kali
{"status":"success","total":0,"transferred":0,"duration":0,"speed":0}
/backup/s3/s3rsync -Qv --json --remove s3:://hetzner/debdistget-devuan \
    /backup/s3/.sync//debdistget-devuan 
/backup/s3/mc mirror --json --remove hetzner/debdistget-devuan /backup/s3/.sync//debdistget-devuan
{"status":"success","total":0,"transferred":0,"duration":0,"speed":0}
/backup/s3/s3rsync -Qv --json --remove s3:://hetzner/debdistget-trisquel \
    /backup/s3/.sync//debdistget-trisquel 
/backup/s3/mc mirror --json --remove hetzner/debdistget-trisquel /backup/s3/.sync//debdistget-trisquel
{"status":"success","total":0,"transferred":0,"duration":0,"speed":0}
/backup/s3/s3rsync -Qv --json --remove s3:://hetzner/debdistget-debian \
    /backup/s3/.sync//debdistget-debian 
/backup/s3/mc mirror --json --remove hetzner/debdistget-debian /backup/s3/.sync//debdistget-debian
{"status":"success","total":0,"transferred":0,"duration":0,"speed":0}
touch /backup/s3/.sync/ 
rm -f /backup/s3/rsnapshot.pid 
/run/current-system/profile/bin/logger -p user.info -t rsnapshot[1443] \
    /run/current-system/profile/bin/rsnapshot -c /backup/s3/rsnapshot.conf \
    -V sync: completed successfully 
root@hamster /backup#

You can tell from the paths that this machine runs Guix. This was the first production use of the Guix System for me, and the machine has been running since 2015 (with the occasional new hard drive). Before, I used rsnapshot on Debian, but some stable release of Debian dropped the rsnapshot package, paving the way for me to test Guix in production on a non-Internet exposed machine. Unfortunately, mc is not packaged in Guix, so you will have to install it from the MinIO Client GitHub page manually.

Running the daily rotation looks like this:

root@hamster /backup# /run/current-system/profile/bin/rsnapshot -c /backup/s3/rsnapshot.conf -V daily
Setting locale to POSIX "C"
echo 1549 > /backup/s3/rsnapshot.pid 
mv /backup/s3/daily.5/ /backup/s3/daily.6/ 
mv /backup/s3/daily.4/ /backup/s3/daily.5/ 
mv /backup/s3/daily.3/ /backup/s3/daily.4/ 
mv /backup/s3/daily.2/ /backup/s3/daily.3/ 
mv /backup/s3/daily.1/ /backup/s3/daily.2/ 
mv /backup/s3/daily.0/ /backup/s3/daily.1/ 
/run/current-system/profile/bin/cp -al /backup/s3/.sync /backup/s3/daily.0 
rm -f /backup/s3/rsnapshot.pid 
/run/current-system/profile/bin/logger -p user.info -t rsnapshot[1549] \
    /run/current-system/profile/bin/rsnapshot -c /backup/s3/rsnapshot.conf \
    -V daily: completed successfully 
root@hamster /backup#

Hopefully you will feel inspired to take backups of your S3 buckets now!

17 January, 2026 10:04PM by simon

hackergotchi for Jonathan Dowland

Jonathan Dowland

Honest Jon's lightly-used Starships

No man’s Sky (or as it’s known in our house, "spaceship game") is a space exploration/sandbox game that was originally released 10 years ago. Back then I tried it on my brother‘s PS4 but I couldn’t get into it. In 2022 it launched for the Nintendo Switch1 and the game finally clicked for me.

I play it very casually. I mostly don’t play at all, except sometimes when there are time-limited “expeditions” running, which I find refreshing, and usually have some exclusives as a reward for play.

One of the many things you can do in the game is collect star ships. I started keeping a list of notable ones I’ve found, and I’ve decided to occasionally blog about them.

The Horizon Vector NX spaceship

The Horizon Vector NX is a small sporty ship that players on Nintendo Switch could claim within the first month or so after it launched. The colour scheme resembles the original “neon” switch controllers. Although the ship type occurs naturally in the game in other configurations, I think differently-painted wings are unique to this ship.

For most of the last 4 years, my copy of this ship was confined to the Switch, until November 2024, when they added cross-save capability to the game. I was then able to access the ship when playing on Linux (or Mac).

  1. The game runs very well natively on Mac, flawlessly on Steam for Linux, but struggles on the origins switch. It’s a marvel it runs there at all.↩

17 January, 2026 08:02PM

Ravi Dwivedi

My experiences in Brunei

This post covers my friend Badri and my experiences in Brunei. Brunei — officially Brunei Darussalam — is a country in Southeast Asia, located on Borneo island. It is one of the few remaining absolute monarchies on Earth.

On the morning of the 10th of December 2024, Badri and I reached Brunei International Airport by taking a flight from Kuala Lumpur. Upon arrival at the airport, we had to go through the immigration, of course. However, I forgot to fill my arrival card, which I filled while I was in the queue for my immigration.

The immigration officer asked me how much cash I was carrying of each currency. After completing the formalities, the immigration officer stamped my passport and let me in. Take a look at Brunei’s entry stamp in my passport.

Brunei entry stamp

Brunei entry stamp on my passport. Picture by Ravi Dwivedi, released under CC-BY-SA 4.0.

We exchanged Singapore dollars to get some Brunei dollars at the airport. The Brunei dollar was pegged 1:1 with the Singapore dollar, meaning 1 Singapore dollar equals 1 Brunei dollar. The exchange rate we received at the airport was the same.

Our (pre-booked) accommodation was located near Gadong mall. So, we went to the information center at the airport to ask how to get there by public transport. However, the person at the information center told us that they didn’t know the public transport routes and suggested we take a taxi instead.

We came out of the airport and came across an Indian with a mini bus. He offered to drop us at our accommodation for 10 Brunei dollars (₹630). As we were tired after a sleepless night, we didn’t negotiate and took the offer. It felt a bit weird using the minibus as our private taxi.

In around half-an-hour, we reach our accommodation. The place was more like a guest house than a hotel. In addition to the rooms, it had common space consisting of a hall, a kitchen and a balcony.

Our room in Brunei

Our room in Brunei. Picture by Ravi Dwivedi, released under CC-BY-SA 4.0

Upon reaching the place, we paid for our room in cash, which was 66.70 Singapore dollars (4200 Indian rupees) for two nights. We reached before the check-in time, so we had to wait for our room to get ready before we entered.

The room had a double bed and also a place to hang clothes. We slept for a few hours before going out at night. We went into Gadong mall and had coffee at a café named The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf. The regular caffe latte I had here been 5.20 Brunei dollars. On another note, the snacks we got us from Kuala Lumpur covered us for the dinner.

The next day—11th of December 2024–we went to a nearby restaurant named Nadj for lunch. The owner was from Kerala. Here we ordered:

  • 1 paneer pepper masala for 5 Brunei dollars (320 rupees)
  • 1 Nasi goreng pattaya biasa for 4.50 Brunei dollars (290 rupees)
  • 1 plain naan for 1.50 Brunei dollars (100 rupees)
  • 1 butter naan for 1.80 Brunei dollars (115 rupees)

So, our lunch cost a total of 12.80 Brunei dollars (825 rupees). The naan was unusually thick, and didn’t like the taste.

After the lunch, we planned to visit Brunei’s famous Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque. However, a minibus driver outside of Gadong Mall told us that the mosque would be closed in half-an-hour and suggested we visit the nearby Jame’ Asr Hassanil Bolkiah Mosque instead.

Jame' Asr Hassanil Bolkiah Mosque

Jame’ Asr Hassanil Bolkiah Mosque. Picture by Ravi Dwivedi, released under CC-BY-SA 4.0

He dropped us there for 1 Brunei dollar per person. The person hailed from Uttar Pradesh and told us about bus routes in Hindi. Buses routes in Brunei were confusing, so the information he gave us was valuable.

It was evening, and we had an impression that the mosque and its premises were closed. However, soon enough, we stumbled across an open gate entering the mosque complex. We walked inside for some time, took pictures and exited. Walking in Bandar Seri Begawan wasn’t pleasant, though. The pedestrian infrastructure wasn’t good.

Then we walked back to our place and bought some souvenirs. For dinner and breakfast, we bought bread, fruits and eggs from local shops as we had a kitchen to cook for ourselves.

The guest house also had a washing machine (free of charge) which we wanted to use. However, they didn’t have detergent. Therefore, we went outside to get some detergent. It was 8 o’clock, and most of the shops were closed already. Others had had detergents in large sizes, the ones you would use if you lived there. We ended up getting a small packet at a supermarket.

The next day—12th of December–we had a flight to Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam with a long layover in Kuala Lumpur. We had breakfast in the morning and took a bus to Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque. The mosque was in prayer session, so it was closed for Muslims. Therefore, we just took pictures from the outside and took a bus for the airport.

Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque

Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque. Picture by Ravi Dwivedi, released under CC-BY-SA 4.0

When the bus reached near the airport, the bus went straight rather than taking a left turn for the airport. Initially, I thought the bus would just take a turn and come back. However, the bus kept going away from the airport. Confused by this, I asked other passengers if the bus was going to the airport. The driver stopped the bus at Muara Town terminal— 20 km from the airport. At this point, everyone alighted, except for us. The driver went to a nearby restaurant to have lunch.

I felt very uncomfortable stranded in a town which was 20 km from the airport. We had a lot of time, but I was still worried about missing our flight, as I didn’t want to get stuck in Brunei. After waiting for 15 minutes, I went inside the restaurant and reminded the driver that we had a flight in a couple of hours and needed to go to the airport. He said he will leave soon.

When he was done with his lunch, he drove us to the airport. It was incredibly frustrating. On a positive note, we saw countryside of Brunei that we would have seen otherwise. The bus ride cost us 1 Brunei dollar each.

A couple of houses with trees in the background.

A shot of Brunei’s countryside. Picture by Ravi Dwivedi, released under CC-BY-SA 4.0.

That’s it for this one. Meet you in the next one. Stay tuned for the Vietnam post!

17 January, 2026 05:15PM

January 16, 2026

hackergotchi for Dirk Eddelbuettel

Dirk Eddelbuettel

RcppSpdlog 0.0.26 on CRAN: Another Microfix

Version 0.0.26 of RcppSpdlog arrived on CRAN moments ago, and will be uploaded to Debian and built for r2u shortly. The (nice) documentation site has been refreshed too. RcppSpdlog bundles spdlog, a wonderful header-only C++ logging library with all the bells and whistles you would want that was written by Gabi Melman, and also includes fmt by Victor Zverovich. You can learn more at the nice package documention site.

Brian Ripley noticed an infelicity when building under C++20 which he is testing hard and fast. Sadly, this came a day late for yesterday’s upload of release 0.0.25 with another trivial fix so another incremental release was called for. We already accommodated C++20 and its use of std::format (in lieu of the included fmt::format) but had not turned it on unconditionally. We do so now, but offer an opt-out for those who prefer the previous build type.

The NEWS entry for this release follows.

Changes in RcppSpdlog version 0.0.26 (2026-01-16)

  • Under C++20 or later, switch to using std::format to avoid a compiler nag that CRAN now complains about

Courtesy of my CRANberries, there is also a diffstat report detailing changes. More detailed information is on the RcppSpdlog page, or the package documention site.

This post by Dirk Eddelbuettel originated on his Thinking inside the box blog. If you like this or other open-source work I do, you can sponsor me at GitHub.

16 January, 2026 02:26PM

hackergotchi for Kentaro Hayashi

Kentaro Hayashi

Budgie Desktop 10.10 is out, but not for me yet :(

Introduction

I'm one of a Budgie Desktop user since 2020. (Budgie Desktop 10.5 or so)

Recently Budgie Desktop 10.10 had been available from Debian experimental.

I've tried it and realized that not for me yet.

What is the requirement for desktop environment

  • Screen sharing with specifying the specific window/application for web meeting
  • Sharing keyboard input smoothly with deskflow
  • Switch focus with mouse movement
  • and ...

Is Budgie Desktop 10.10 suitable?

Short answer: No, not yet.

It seems that Budgie Desktop 10.10 (wayland) lost the functionality - screen sharing with specifying the specific window/application for web meeting.

Of course, you can share your screen itself.

It also can't sharing keyboard input smoothly with deskflow.

Both of them seems that they are supported in GNOME? or KDE?.

In contrast to Budgie Desktop 10.9 (X11), Budgie Desktop 10.10 seems missing effective wayland + xdg-desktop-portal support for them yet.

It might be supported in the future release, but it might be 11.x.

Alternatives?

Budgie Desktop 10.x will come into maintenance mode, so they will not be fixed in 10.x releases (guess).

buddiesofbudgie.org

Switching DE might be an option - GNOME or KDE. but I don't have much the energy to make the transition for now.

I decided to take the conservative option and go back to 10.9.

Note that if you upgrade to Budgie Desktop 10.10, it is hard to downgrade to Budgie Desktop 10.9 because python3-gi, python3-gi-cairo dependency blocks budgie-desktop.

See https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=1120138 for details.

#1120138 - budgie-extras: Several applets are incompatible with pygobject 3.54/libpeas 1.36.0-8 - Debian Bug report logs

As a dirty hack, you can modify python3-gi dependency and install it as your own risk for downgrading.

Conclusion

It was still too early to adopt Budgie Desktop (wayland) for me. I'll stay with Budgie Desktop 10.9 for a while.

That said, it's unclear how long Budgie Desktop 10.9 will remain unstable and usable. There might be a case that sticking to Budgie Desktop 10.9 might be problematic when other packages are updated.

When that happens, I'd like to reconsider this issue again.

16 January, 2026 12:36PM

hackergotchi for Jonathan Dowland

Jonathan Dowland

Ye Gods

Via (I think) @mcc on the Fediverse, I learned of GetMusic: a sort-of "clearing house" for Free Bandcamp codes. I think the way it works is, some artists release a limited set of download codes for their albums in order to promote them, and GetMusic help them to keep track of that, and helps listeners to discover them.

GetMusic mail me occasionally, and once they highlighted an album The Arcane & Paranormal Earth which they described as "Post-Industrial in the vein of Coil and Nurse With Wound with shades of Aphex Twin, Autechre and assorted film music."

Well that description hooked me immediately but I missed out on the code. However, I sampled the album on Bandcamp directly a few times as well as a few of his others (Ye Gods is a side-project of Antoni Maiovvi, which itself is a pen-name) and liked them very much. I picked up the full collection of Ye Gods albums in one go for 30% off.

Here's a stand-out track:

On Earth by Ye Gods

So I guess this service works! Although I didn't actually get a free code in this instance, it promoted the artist, introduced me to something I really liked and drove a sale.

16 January, 2026 10:14AM

hackergotchi for Freexian Collaborators

Freexian Collaborators

Monthly report about Debian Long Term Support, December 2025 (by Santiago Ruano Rincón)

The Debian LTS Team, funded by [Freexian’s Debian LTS offering] (https://www.freexian.com/lts/debian/), is pleased to report its activities for December.

Activity summary

During the month of December, 18 contributors have been paid to work on Debian LTS (links to individual contributor reports are located below).

The team released 41 DLAs fixing 252 CVEs.

The team currently focuses on preparing security updates for Debian 11 “bullseye”, but also looks for contributing with updates for Debian 12 “bookworm”, Debian 13 “trixie” and even Debian unstable.

Notable security updates:

  • libsoup2.4 (DLA-4398-1), prepared by Andreas Henrikson, fixing several vulnerabilities.
  • glib2.0 (DLA-4412-1), published by Emilio Pozuelo Monfort, addressing multiple issues.
  • lasso (DLA-4397-1), prepared by Sylvain Beucler, addressing multiple issues, including a critical remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability (CVE-2025-47151)
  • roundcube (DLA 4415-1), prepared by Guilhem Moulin, fixing a cross-site-scripting (XSS) (CVE-2025-68461) and an information disclosure (CVE-2025-68460) vulnerabilities
  • mediawiki (DLA 4428-1), published by Guilhem, fixing multiple vulnerabilities could lead to information disclosure, denial of service or privilege escalation.
  • While the DLA has not been published yet, Charles Henrique Melara proposed upstream fixes for seven CVEs in ffmpeg: https://code.ffmpeg.org/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/pulls/21275.
  • python-apt (DLA 4408-1), prepared by Utkarsh Gupta, in coordination with the Debian Security Team and Julian Andres Klode, the apt’s maintainer.
  • libpng1.6 (DLA-4396-1), published by Tobias Frost, completing the work started the previous month.

Notable non-security updates:

  • tzdata (DLA-4403-1), prepared by Emilio, including the latest changes to the leap second list and its expiry date, which was set for the end of December.

Contributions from outside the LTS Team:

  • Christoph Berg, co-maintainer of PostgreSQL in Debian, prepared a postgresql-13 update, released as DLA-4420-1

The LTS Team has also contributed with updates to the latest Debian releases:

Individual Debian LTS contributor reports

Thanks to our sponsors

Sponsors that joined recently are in bold.

16 January, 2026 12:00AM by Santiago Ruano Rincón

January 15, 2026

hackergotchi for Dirk Eddelbuettel

Dirk Eddelbuettel

RcppSpdlog 0.0.25 on CRAN: Microfix

Version 0.0.25 of RcppSpdlog arrived on CRAN right now, and will be uploaded to Debian and built for r2u shortly along with a minimal refresh of the documentation site. RcppSpdlog bundles spdlog, a wonderful header-only C++ logging library with all the bells and whistles you would want that was written by Gabi Melman, and also includes fmt by Victor Zverovich. You can learn more at the nice package documention site.

This release fixes a minuscule cosmetic issue from the previous release a week ago. We rely on two #defines that R sets to signal to spdlog that we are building in the R context (which matters for the R-specific logging sink, and picks up something Gabi added upon my suggestion at the very start of this package). But I use the same #defines to now check in Rcpp that we are building with R and, in this case, wrongly conclude R headers have already been installed so Rcpp (incorrectly) nags about that. The solution is to add two #undefine and proceed as normal (with Rcpp controlling and taking care of R header includion too) and that is what we do here. All good now, no nags from a false positive.

The NEWS entry for this release follows.

Changes in RcppSpdlog version 0.0.25 (2026-01-15)

  • Ensure #define signaling R build (needed with spdlog) is unset before including R headers to not falsely triggering message from Rcpp

Courtesy of my CRANberries, there is also a diffstat report detailing changes. More detailed information is on the RcppSpdlog page, or the package documention site.

This post by Dirk Eddelbuettel originated on his Thinking inside the box blog. If you like this or other open-source work I do, you can sponsor me at GitHub.

15 January, 2026 01:20PM

January 14, 2026

RcppSimdJson 0.1.15 on CRAN: New Upstream, Some Maintenance

A brand new release 0.1.15 of the RcppSimdJson package is now on CRAN.

RcppSimdJson wraps the fantastic and genuinely impressive simdjson library by Daniel Lemire and collaborators. Via very clever algorithmic engineering to obtain largely branch-free code, coupled with modern C++ and newer compiler instructions, it results in parsing gigabytes of JSON parsed per second which is quite mindboggling. The best-case performance is ‘faster than CPU speed’ as use of parallel SIMD instructions and careful branch avoidance can lead to less than one cpu cycle per byte parsed; see the video of the talk by Daniel Lemire at QCon.

This version updates to the current 4.2.4 upstream release. It also updates the RcppExports.cpp file with ‘glue’ between C++ and R. We want move away from using Rf_error() (as Rcpp::stop() is generally preferable). Packages (such as this one) that are declaring an interface have an actual Rf_error() call generated in RcppExports.cpp which can protect which is what current Rcpp code generation does. Long story short, a minor internal reason.

The short NEWS entry for this release follows.

Changes in version 0.1.15 (2026-01-14)

  • simdjson was upgraded to version 4.2.4 (Dirk in #97

  • RcppExports.cpp was regenerated to aid a Rcpp transition

  • Standard maintenance updates for continuous integration and URLs

Courtesy of my CRANberries, there is also a diffstat report for this release. For questions, suggestions, or issues please use the issue tracker at the GitHub repo.

This post by Dirk Eddelbuettel originated on his Thinking inside the box blog. If you like this or other open-source work I do, you can now sponsor me at GitHub.

14 January, 2026 04:11PM

gunsales 0.1.3 on CRAN: Maintenance

An update to the gunsales package is now on CRAN. As in the last update nine years ago (!!), changes are mostly internal. An upcoming dplyr change requires a switch from the old and soon to-be-removed ‘underscored’ verb form; that was kindly addressed in an incoming pull request. We also updated the CI scripts a few times during this period as needed, and switched to using Authors@R, and refreshed and updated a number of URL references.

Courtesy of my CRANberries, there is also a diffstat report for this release.

This post by Dirk Eddelbuettel originated on his Thinking inside the box blog. If you like this or other open-source work I do, you can sponsor me at GitHub.

14 January, 2026 11:21AM

hackergotchi for Gunnar Wolf

Gunnar Wolf

The Innovation Engine • Government-funded Academic Research

This post is an unpublished review for The Innovation Engine • Government-funded Academic Research

David Patterson does not need an introduction. Being the brain behind many of the inventions that shaped the computing industry (repeatedly) over the past 40 years, when he put forward an opinion article in Communications of the ACM targeting the current day political waves in the USA, I could not avoid choosing it to write this review.

Patterson worked for a a public university (University of California at Berkeley) between 1976 and 2016, and in this article he argues how government-funded academic research (GoFAR) allows for faster, more effective and freer development than private sector-funded research would, putting his own career milestones as an example of how public money that went to his research has easily been amplified by a factor of 10,000:1 for the country’s economy, and 1,000:1 particularly for the government.

Patterson illustrates this quoting five of the “home-run” research projects he started and pursued with government funding, eventually spinning them off as successful startups:

  • RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing): Microprocessor architecture that reduces the complexity and power consumption of CPUs, yielding much smaller and more efficient processors.
  • RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks): Patterson experimented with a way to present a series of independent hard drive units as if they were a single, larger one, leading to increases in capacity and reliability beyond what the industry could provide in single drives, for a fraction of the price.
  • NOW (Network Of Workstations): Introduced what we now know as computer clusters (in contrast of large-scale massively multiprocessed cache-coherent systems known as “supercomputers”), which nowadays power over 80% of the Top500 supercomputer list and are the computer platform of choice of practically all data centers.
  • RAD Lab (Reliable Adaptive Distributed Systems Lab): Pursued the technology for data centers to be self-healing and self-managing, testing and pushing early cloud-scalability limits
  • ParLab (Parallel Computing Lab): Given the development of massively parallel processing inside even simple microprocessors, this lab explores how to improve designs of parallel software and hardware, presenting the ground works that proved that inherently parallel GPUs were better than CPUs at machine learning tasks. It also developed the RISC-V open instruction set architecture.

Patterson identifies principles for the projects he has led, that are specially compatible with the ways research works at universitary systems: Multidisciplinary teams, demonstrative usable artifacts, seven- to ten-year impact horizons, five-year sunset clauses (to create urgency and to lower opportunity costs), physical proximity of collaborators, and leadership followed on team success rather than individual recognition.

While it could be argued that it’s easy to point at Patterson’s work as a success example while he is by far not the average academic, the points he makes on how GoFAR research has been fundamental for the advance of science and technology, but also of biology, medicine, and several other fields are very clear.

14 January, 2026 12:29AM

January 13, 2026

hackergotchi for Steinar H. Gunderson

Steinar H. Gunderson

plocate 1.1.24 released

I've released version 1.1.24 of plocate, as usual dominated by small patches from external contributors. The changelog is below:

plocate 1.1.24, January 13th, 2026

  - Improve error handling on synchronous reads. Reported by
    Björn Försterling.

  - Remove ConditionACPower=true from the systemd unit file,
    to fix an issue where certain charging patterns prevent
    updatedb from ever running on laptops. Patch by Manfred Schwarb.

  - Add a new option --config-file for changing the path of
    updatedb.conf. Patch by Yehuda Bernáth.

As always, you can get it from the plocate page or your favourite Linux distribution (packages to Debian unstable are on their way up, others will surely follow soon).

13 January, 2026 10:57PM

Simon Josefsson

Debian Libre Live 13.3.0 is released!

Following up on my initial announcement about Debian Libre Live I am happy to report on continued progress and the release of Debian Libre Live version 13.3.0.

Since both this and the previous 13.2.0 release are based on the stable Debian trixie release, there really isn’t a lot of major changes but instead incremental minor progress for the installation process. Repeated installations has a tendency to reveal bugs, and we have resolved the apt sources list confusion for Calamares-based installations and a couple of other nits. This release is more polished and we are not aware of any known remaining issues with them (unlike for earlier versions which were released with known problems), although we conservatively regard the project as still in beta. A Debian Libre Live logo is needed before marking this as stable, any graphically talented takers? (Please base it on the Debian SVG upstream logo image.)

We provide GNOME, KDE, and XFCE desktop images, as well as text-only “standard” image, which match the regular Debian Live images with non-free software on them, but also provide a “slim” variant which is merely 750MB compared to the 1.9GB “standard” image. The slim image can still start a debian installer, and can still boot into a minimal live text-based system.

The GNOME, KDE and XFCE desktop images feature the Calamares installer, and we have performed testing on a variety of machines. The standard and slim images does not have a installer from the running live system, but all images support a boot menu entry to start the installer.

With this release we also extend our arm64 support to two tested platforms. The current list of successfully installed and supported systems now include the following hardware:

This is a very limited set of machines, but the diversity in CPUs and architecture should hopefully reflect well on a wide variety of commonly available machines. Several of these machines are crippled (usually GPU or WiFI) without adding non-free software, complain at your hardware vendor and adapt your use-cases and future purchases.

The images are as follows, with SHA256SUM checksums and GnuPG signature on the 13.3.0 release page.

Curious how the images were made? Fear not, for the Debian Libre Live project README has documentation, the run.sh script is short and the .gitlab-ci.yml CI/CD Pipeline definition file brief.

Happy Libre OS hacking!

13 January, 2026 01:53PM by simon

hackergotchi for Aigars Mahinovs

Aigars Mahinovs

Sedan experience (BMW i5)

Two years of midsize electric sedan experience

This February (2026) marks a full 10 years since I started working for BMW, and a key employment bonus is the ability to drive a company car on special two-year leasing terms. Just before the new year 2026 started, I said goodbye to my latest company car. After driving the BMW i4, I switched to the BMW i5. In terms of power, it was a downgrade as I switched from the maximum power i4 M50 xDrive (all-wheel drive, 600 hp) to the i5 eDrive40 (rear-wheel drive, 340 hp). Did I regret that? Not for a single second! After driving 60,000 km in the last two years with the BMW i5, I was really sad to let it go -- it was the best car I have ever driven. Simple as that.

Read more… (16 min remaining to read)

13 January, 2026 10:00AM by Aigars Mahinovs

hackergotchi for Freexian Collaborators

Freexian Collaborators

Debian Contributions: dh-python development, Python 3.14 and Ruby 3.4 transitions, Surviving scraper traffic in Debian CI and more! (by Anupa Ann Joseph)

Debian Contributions: 2025-12

Contributing to Debian is part of Freexian’s mission. This article covers the latest achievements of Freexian and their collaborators. All of this is made possible by organizations subscribing to our Long Term Support contracts and consulting services.

dh-python development, by Stefano Rivera

In Debian we build our Python packages with the help of a debhelper-compatible tool, dh-python. Before starting the 3.14 transition (that would rebuild many packages) we landed some updates to dh-python to fix bugs and add features. This started a month of attention on dh-python, iterating through several bug fixes, and a couple of unfortunate regressions.

dh-python is used by almost all packages containing Python (over 5000). Most of these are very simple, but some are complex and use dh-python in unexpected ways. It’s hard to avoid almost any change (including obvious bug fixes) from causing some unexpected knock-on behaviour. There is a fair amount of complexity in dh-python, and some rather “clever” code, which can make it tricky to work on.

All of this means that good QA is important. Stefano spent some time adding type annotations and specialized types to make it easier to see what the code is doing and catch mistakes. This has already made work on dh-python easier.

Now that Debusine has built-in repositories and debdiff support, Stefano could quickly test the effects of changes on many other packages. After each big change, he could upload dh-python to a repository, rebuild e.g. 50 Python packages with it, and see what differences appeared in the output. Reviewing the diffs is still a manual process, but can be improved.

Stefano did a small test on what it would take to replace direct setuptools setup.py calls with PEP-517 (pyproject-style) builds. There is more work to do here.

Python 3.14 transition, by Stefano Rivera (et al.)

In December the transition to add Python 3.14 as a supported version started in Debian unstable. To do this, we update the list of supported versions in python3-defaults, and then start rebuilding modules with C extensions from the leaves inwards. This had already been tested in a PPA and Ubuntu, so many of the biggest blocking compatibility issues with 3.14 had already been found and fixed. But there are always new issues to discover.

Thanks to a number of people in the Debian Python team, we got through the first bit of the transition fairly quickly. There are still a number of open bugs that need attention and many failed tests blocking migration to testing.

Python 3.14.1 released just after we started the transition, and very soon after, a follow-up 3.14.2 release came out to address a regression. We ran into another regression in Python 3.14.2.

Ruby 3.4 transition, by Lucas Kanashiro (et al.)

The Debian Ruby team just started the preparation to move the default Ruby interpreter version to 3.4. At the moment, ruby3.4 source package is already available in experimental, also ruby-defaults added support to Ruby 3.4. Lucas rebuilt all reverse dependencies against this new version of the interpreter and published the results here. Lucas also reached out to some stakeholders to coordinate the work.

Next steps are: 1) announcing the results to the whole team and asking for help to fix packages failing to build against the new interpreter; 2) file bugs against packages FTBFSing against Ruby 3.4 which are not fixed yet; 3) once we have a low number of build failures against Ruby 3.4, ask the Debian Release team to start the transition in unstable.

Surviving scraper traffic in Debian CI, by Antonio Terceiro

Like most of the open web, Debian Continuous Integration has been struggling for a while to keep up with the insatiable hunger from data scrapers everywhere. Solving this involved a lot of trial and error; the final result seems to be stable, and consists of two parts.

First, all Debian CI data pages, except the direct links to test log files (such as those provided by the Release Team’s testing migration excuses), now require users to be authenticated before being accessed. This means that the Debian CI data is no longer publicly browseable, which is a bit sad. However, this is where we are now.

Additionally, there is now a fail2ban powered firewall-level access limitation for clients that display an abusive access pattern. This went through several iterations, with some of them unfortunately blocking legitimate Debian contributors, but the current state seems to strike a good balance between blocking scrapers and not blocking real users. Please get in touch with the team on the #debci OFTC channel if you are affected by this.

A hybrid dependency solver for crossqa.debian.net, by Helmut Grohne

crossqa.debian.net continuously cross builds packages from the Debian archive. Like Debian’s native build infrastructure, it uses dose-builddebcheck to determine whether a package’s dependencies can be satisfied before attempting a build. About one third of Debian’s packages fail this check, so understanding the reasons is key to improving cross building. Unfortunately, dose-builddebcheck stops after reporting the first problem and does not display additional ones.

To address this, a greedy solver implemented in Python now examines each build-dependency individually and can report multiple causes. dose-builddebcheck is still used as a fall-back when the greedy solver does not identify any problems. The report for bazel-bootstrap is a lengthy example.

rebootstrap, by Helmut Grohne

Due to the changes suggested by Loongson earlier, rebootstrap now adds debhelper to its final installability test and builds a few more packages required for installing it. It also now uses a variant of build-essential that has been marked Multi-Arch: same (see foundational work from last year).

This in turn made the use of a non-default GCC version more difficult and required more work to make it work for gcc-16 from experimental. Ongoing archive changes temporarily regressed building fribidi and dash. libselinux and groff have received patches for architecture specific changes and libverto has been NMUed to remove the glib2.0 dependency.

Miscellaneous contributions

  • Stefano did some administrative work on debian.social and debian.net instances and Debian reimbursements.
  • Stefano did routine updates of python-authlib, python-mitogen, xdot.
  • Stefano spent several hours discussing Debian’s Python package layout with the PyPA upstream community. Debian has ended up with a very different on-disk installed Python layout than other distributions, and this continues to cause some frustration in many communities that have to have special workarounds to handle it. This ended up impacting cross builds as Helmut discovered.
  • Raphaël set up Debusine workflows for the various backports repositories on debusine.debian.net.
  • Zulip is not yet in Debian (RFP in #800052), but Raphaël helped on the French translation as he is experimenting with that discussion platform.
  • Antonio performed several routine Salsa maintenance tasks, including fixing salsa-nm-sync, the service that synchronizes project members data from LDAP to Salsa, which had been broken since salsa.debian.org was upgraded to “trixie”.
  • Antonio deployed a new amd64 worker host for Debian CI.
  • Antonio did several DebConf technical and administrative bits, including but adding support for custom check-in/check-out dates in the MiniDebConf registration module, publishing a call for bids for DebConf27.
  • Carles reviewed and submitted 14 Catalan translations using po-debconf-manager.
  • Carles improved po-debconf-manager: added “delete-package” command, “show-information” now uses properly formatted output (YAML), it now attaches the translation on the bug reports for which a merge request has been opened too long.
  • Carles investigated why some packages appeared in po-debconf-manager but not in the Debian l10n list. Turns out that some packages had debian/po/templates.pot (appearing in po-debconf-manager) but not the POTFILES.in file as expected. Created a script to find out which packages were in this or similar situation and reported bugs.
  • Carles tested and documented how to set up voices (mbrola and festival) if using Orca speech synthesizer. Commented a few issues and possible improvements in the debian-accessibility list.
  • Helmut sent patches for 48 cross build failures and initiated discussions on how to deal with two non-trivial matters. Besides Python mentioned above, CMake introduced a cmake_pkg_config builtin which is not aware of the host architecture. He also forwarded a Meson patch upstream.
  • Thorsten uploaded a new upstream version of cups to fix a nasty bug that was introduced by the latest security update.
  • Along with many other Python 3.14 fixes, Colin fixed a tricky segfault in python-confluent-kafka after a helpful debugging hint from upstream.
  • Colin upstreamed an improved version of an OpenSSH patch we’ve been carrying since 2008 to fix misleading verbose output from scp.
  • Colin used Debusine to coordinate transitions for astroid and pygments, and wrote up the astroid case on his blog.
  • Emilio helped with various transitions, and provided a build fix for opencv for the ffmpeg 8 transition.
  • Emilio tested the GNOME updates for “trixie” proposed updates (gnome-shell, mutter, glib2.0).
  • Santiago helped to review the status of how to test different build profiles in parallel on the same pipeline, using the test-build-profiles job. This means, for example, to simultaneously test build profiles such as nocheck and nodoc for the same git tree. Finally, Santiago provided MR !685 to fix the documentation.
  • Anupa prepared a bits post for Outreachy interns announcement along with Tássia Camões Araújo and worked on publicity team tasks.

13 January, 2026 12:00AM by Anupa Ann Joseph

January 12, 2026

hackergotchi for Gunnar Wolf

Gunnar Wolf

Python Workout 2nd edition

This post is an unpublished review for Python Workout 2nd edition

Note: While I often post the reviews I write for Computing Reviews, this is a shorter review requested to me by Manning. They kindly invited me several months ago to be a reviewer for Python Workout, 2nd edition; after giving them my opinions, I am happy to widely recommend this book to interested readers.

Python is relatively an easy programming language to learn, allowing you to start coding pretty quickly. However, there’s a significant gap between being able to “throw code” in Python and truly mastering the language. To write efficient, maintainable code that’s easy for others to understand, practice is essential. And that’s often where many of us get stuck. This book begins by stating that it “is not designed to teach you Python (…) but rather to improve your understanding of Python and how to use it to solve problems.”

The author’s structure and writing style are very didactic. Each chapter addresses a different aspect of the language: from the simplest (numbers, strings, lists) to the most challenging for beginners (iterators and generators), Lerner presents several problems for us to solve as examples, emphasizing the less obvious details of each aspect.

I was invited as a reviewer in the preprint version of the book. I am now very pleased to recommend it to all interested readers. The author presents a pleasant and easy-to-read text, with a wealth of content that I am sure will improve the Python skills of all its readers.

12 January, 2026 07:23PM

hackergotchi for Louis-Philippe Véronneau

Louis-Philippe Véronneau

Reducing the size of initramfs kernel images

In the past few years, the size of the kernel images in Debian have been steadily growing. I don't see this as a problem per se, but it has been causing me trouble, as my /boot partition has become too small to accommodate two kernel images at the same time.

Since I'm running Debian Unstable on my personal systems and keep them updated with unattended-upgrade, this meant each (frequent) kernel upgrade triggered an error like this one:

update-initramfs: failed for /boot/initrd.img-6.17.11+deb14-amd64 with 1.
dpkg: error processing package initramfs-tools (--configure):
 installed initramfs-tools package post-installation script subprocess returned
 error exit status 1
Errors were encountered while processing:
 initramfs-tools
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

This would in turn break the automated upgrade process and require me to manually delete the currently running kernel (which works, but isn't great) to complete the upgrade.

The "obvious" solution would have been to increase the size of my /boot partition to something larger than the default 456M. Since my systems use full-disk encryption and LVM, this isn't trivial and would have required me to play Tetris and swap files back and forth using another drive.

Another solution proposed by anarcat was to migrate to systemd-boot (I'm still using grub), use Unified Kernel Images (UKI) and merge the /boot and /boot/efi partitions. Since I already have a bunch of configurations using grub and I am not too keen on systemd taking over all the things on my computer, I was somewhat reluctant.

As my computers are all configured by Puppet, I could of course have done a complete system reinstallation, but again, this was somewhat more involved than what I wanted it to be.

After looking online for a while, I finally stumbled on this blog post by Neil Brown detailing how to shrink the size of the initramfs images. With MODULES=dep my images shrunk from 188M to 41M, fixing my issue. Thanks Neil!

I was somewhat worried removing kernel modules would break something on my systems, but so far, I only had to manually load the i2c_dev module, as I need it to manage my home monitor's brightness using ddcutil.

12 January, 2026 06:45PM by Louis-Philippe Véronneau

hackergotchi for Daniel Lange

Daniel Lange

Resizing Xterm fonts with Ctrl+ and Ctrl+

Xterm misses the convenient option to resize the fonts with Ctrl+<plus> and Ctrl+<minus> like xfce4-terminal or gnome-terminal do out of the box.

This feature can be added on Debian systems by dropping a configuration snippet into /etc/X11/Xresources/x11-xterm-fontsize:

! Allow XTerm font size to be changed with Ctrl+<plus> and <minus>
XTerm.vt100.translations: #override \n\
  Ctrl <Key> minus: smaller-vt-font() \n\
  Ctrl <Key> plus: larger-vt-font()

Any new X session will inherit this configuration and Ctrl+<plus> and Ctrl+<minus> will work to adjust the font size (and taking the window size along).

The font sizes that Xterm iterates through can be viewed on the Ctrl-<right click> context menu:

Screenshot of an Xterm window with the context menu displayed NB: The context menu allows to switch the fonts on systems where the above snippet has not (yet) been installed. So good enough for a one-off.

Credits: Stack Overflow/Ask Ubuntu, Matthew Hoener.

12 January, 2026 12:15PM by Daniel Lange

hackergotchi for Daniel Kahn Gillmor

Daniel Kahn Gillmor

AI as a Compression Problem

A recent article in The Atlantic makes the case that very large language models effectively contain much of the works they're trained on. This article is an attempt to popularize the insights in the recent academic paper Extracting books from production language models from Ahmed et al. The authors of the paper demonstrate convincingly that well-known copyrighted textual material can be extracted from the chatbot interfaces of popular commercial LLM services.

The Atlantic article cites a podcast quote about the Stable Diffusion AI image-generator model, saying "We took 100,000 gigabytes of images and compressed it to a two-gigabyte file that can re-create any of those and iterations of those". By analogy, this suggests we might think of LLMs (which work on text, not the images handled by Stable Diffusion) as a form of lossy textual compression.

The entire text of Moby Dick, the canonical Big American Novel is merely 1.2MiB uncompressed (and less than 0.4MiB losslessly compressed with bzip2 -9). It's not surprising to imagine that a model with hundreds of billions of parameters might contain copies of these works.

Warning: The next paragraph contains fuzzy math with no real concrete engineering practice behind it!

Consider a hypothetical model with 100 billion parameters, where each parameter is stored as a 16-bit floating point value. The model weights would take 200 GB of storage. If you were to fill the parameter space only with losslessly compressed copies of books like Moby Dick, you could still fit half a million books, more than anyone can read in a lifetime. And lossy compression is typically orders of magnitude less in size than lossless compression, so we're talking about millions of works effectively encoded, with the acceptance of some artifacts being injected in the output.

I first encountered this "compression" view of AI nearly three years ago, in Ted Chiang's insightful ChatGPT is a Blurry JPEG of the Web. I was suprised that The Atlantic article didn't cite Chiang's piece. If you haven't read Ted Chiang, i strongly recommend his work, and this piece is a great place to start.

Chiang aside, the more recent writing that focuses on the idea of compressed works being "contained" in the model weights seems to be used by people interested in wielding some sort of copyright claims against the AI companies that maintain or provide access to these models. There are many many problems with AI today, but attacking AI companies based on copyright concerns seems similar to going after Al Capone for tax evasion.

We should be much more concerned with the effect these projects have on cultural homogeneity, mental health, labor rights, privacy, and social control than whether they're violating copyright in some specific instance.

12 January, 2026 05:00AM by Daniel Kahn Gillmor

January 11, 2026

hackergotchi for Patryk Cisek

Patryk Cisek

Choosing Secrets Manager for Homelab

Secrets Manager for Homelab

For a few years, I’ve been managing the configuration of a bunch of self-hosted services using Ansible Playbooks. Each playbook needed at least one secret — the sudo password. Many of them needed to manage more (e.g. SMTP credentials for email notifications). Because I’ve always been paranoid about security, I stored most of those secrets in Ansible Vault, the password for which is stored in only one location — my memory. Therefore, each time I ran any of those playbooks, I’d have to enter two passwords interactively: the sudo password and the Ansible Vault password.

11 January, 2026 11:57PM

Russell Coker

Terminal Emulator Security

I just read this informative article on ANSI terminal security [1]. The author has written a tool named vt-houdini for testing for these issues [2]. They used to host an instance on their server but appear to have stopped it. When you run that tool you can ssh to the system in question and without needing a password you are connected and the server probes your terminal emulator for vulnerabilities. The versions of Kitty and Konsole in Debian/Trixie have just passed those tests on my system.

This will always be a potential security problem due to the purpose of a terminal emulator. A terminal emulator will often display untrusted data and often data which is known to come from hostile sources (EG logs of attempted attacks). So what could be done in this regard?

Memory Protection

Due to the complexity of terminal emulation there is the possibility of buffer overflows and other memory management issues that could be used to compromise the emulator.

The Fil-C compiler is an interesting project [3], it compiles existing C/C++ code with memory checks. It is reported to have no noticeable impact on the performance of the bash shell which sounds like a useful option to address some of these issues as shell security issues are connected to terminal security issues. The performance impact on a terminal emulator would be likely to be more noticeable. Also note that Fil-C compilation apparently requires compiling all libraries with it, this isn’t a problem for bash as the only libraries it uses nowadays are libtinfo and libc. The kitty terminal emulator doesn’t have many libraries but libpython is one of them, it’s an essential part of Kitty and it is a complex library to compile in a different way. Konsole has about 160 libraries and it isn’t plausible to recompile so many libraries at this time.

Choosing a terminal emulator that has a simpler design might help in this regard. Emulators that call libraries for 3D effects etc and native support for displaying in-line graphics have a much greater attack surface.

Access Control

A terminal emulator could be run in a container to prevent it from doing any damage if it is compromised. But the terminal emulator will have full control over the shell it runs and if the shell has access needed to allow commands like scp/rsync to do what is expected of them then that means that no useful level of containment is possible.

It would be possible to run a terminal emulator in a container for the purpose of connecting to an insecure or hostile system and not allow scp/rsync to/from any directory other than /tmp (or other directories to use for sharing files). You could run “exec ssh $SERVER” so the terminal emulator session ends when the ssh connection ends.

Conclusion

There aren’t good solutions to the problems of terminal emulation security. But testing every terminal emulator with vt-houdini and fuzzing the popular ones would be a good start.

Qubes level isolation will help things in some situations, but if you need to connect to a server with privileged access to read log files containing potentially hostile data (which is a common sysadmin use case) then there aren’t good options.

Related posts:

  1. Hello Kitty I’ve just discovered a new xterm replacement named Kitty [1]....
  2. Kitty and Mpv 6 months ago I switched to Kitty for terminal emulation...
  3. Kernel Security vs Uptime For best system security you want to apply kernel security...

11 January, 2026 03:46AM by etbe

hackergotchi for Otto Kekäläinen

Otto Kekäläinen

Stop using MySQL in 2026, it is not true open source

Featured image of post Stop using MySQL in 2026, it is not true open source

If you care about supporting open source software, and still use MySQL in 2026, you should switch to MariaDB like so many others have already done.

The number of git commits on github.com/mysql/mysql-server has been significantly declining in 2025. The screenshot below shows the state of git commits as of writing this in January 2026, and the picture should be alarming to anyone who cares about software being open source.

MySQL GitHub commit activity decreasing drastically

This is not surprising – Oracle should not be trusted as the steward for open source projects

When Oracle acquired Sun Microsystems and MySQL along with it back in 2009, the European Commission almost blocked the deal due to concerns that Oracle’s goal was just to stifle competition. The deal went through as Oracle made a commitment to keep MySQL going and not kill it, but (to nobody’s surprise) Oracle has not been a good steward of MySQL as an open source project and the community around it has been withering away for years now. All development is done behind closed doors. The publicly visible bug tracker is not the real one Oracle staff actually uses for MySQL development, and the few people who try to contribute to MySQL just see their Pull Requests and patch submissions marked as received with mostly no feedback and then those changes may or may not be in the next MySQL release, often rewritten, and with only Oracle staff in the git author/committer fields. The real author only gets a small mention in a blog post. When I was the engineering manager for the core team working on RDS MySQL and RDS MariaDB at Amazon Web Services, I oversaw my engineers’ contributions to both MySQL and MariaDB (the latter being a fork of MySQL by the original MySQL author, Michael Widenius). All the software developers in my org disliked submitting code to MySQL due to how bad the reception by Oracle was to their contributions.

MariaDB is the stark opposite with all development taking place in real-time on github.com/mariadb/server, anyone being able to submit a Pull Request and get a review, all bugs being openly discussed at jira.mariadb.org and so forth, just like one would expect from a true open source project. MySQL is open source only by license (GPL v2), but not as a project.

MySQL’s technical decline in recent years

Despite not being a good open source steward, Oracle should be given credit that it did keep the MySQL organization alive and allowed it to exist fairly independently and continue developing and releasing new MySQL versions well over a decade after the acquisition. I have no insight into how many customers they had, but I assume the MySQL business was fairly profitable and financially useful to Oracle, at least as long as it didn’t gain too many features to threaten Oracle’s own main database business.

I don’t know why, perhaps because too many talented people had left the organization, but it seems that from a technical point of view MySQL clearly started to deteriorate from 2022 onward.

When MySQL 8.0.29 was released with the default ALTER TABLE method switched to run in-place, it had a lot of corner cases that didn’t work, causing the database to crash and data to corrupt for many users. The issue wasn’t fully fixed until a year later in MySQL 8.0.32. To many users annoyance Oracle announced the 8.0 series as “evergreen” and introduced features and changes in the minor releases, instead of just doing bugfixes and security fixes like users historically had learnt to expect from these x.y.Z maintenance releases.

There was no new major MySQL version for six years. After MySQL 8.0 in 2018 it wasn’t until 2023 when MySQL 8.1 was released, and it was just a short-term preview release. The first actual new major release MySQL 8.4 LTS was released in 2024. Even though it was a new major release, many users got disappointed as it had barely any new features.

Many also reported degraded performance with newer MySQL versions, for example the benchmark by famous MySQL performance expert Mark Callaghan below shows that on write-heavy workloads MySQL 9.5 throughput is typically 15% less than in 8.0.

Benchmark showing new MySQL versions being slower than the old

Due to newer MySQL versions deprecating many features, a lot of users also complained about significant struggles regarding both MySQL 5.7->8.0 and 8.0->8.4 upgrades. With few new features and heavy focus on code base cleanup and feature deprecation, it became obvious to many that Oracle had decided to just keep MySQL barely alive, and put all new relevant features (e.g. vector search) into Heatwave, Oracle’s closed-source and cloud-only service for MySQL customers.

As it was evident that Oracle isn’t investing in MySQL, Percona’s Peter Zaitsev wrote Is Oracle Finally Killing MySQL in June 2024. At this time MySQL’s popularity as ranked by DB-Engines had also started to tank hard, a trend that likely accelerates in 2026.

MySQL dropping significantly in DB-Engines ranking

In September 2025 news reported that Oracle was reducing its workforce and that the MySQL staff was getting heavily reduced. Obviously this does not bode well for MySQL’s future, and Peter Zaitsev posted already in November stats showing that the latest MySQL maintenance release contained fewer bug fixes than before.

Open source is more than ideology: it has very real effects on software security and sovereignty

Some say they don’t care if MySQL is truly open source or not, or that they don’t care if it has a future in coming years, as long as it still works now. I am afraid people thinking so are taking a huge risk. The database is often the most critical part of a software application stack, and any flaw or problem in operations, let alone a security issue, will have immediate consequences, and “not caring” will eventually get people fired or sued.

In open source problems are discussed openly, and the bigger the problem, the more people and companies will contribute to fixing it. Open source as a development methodology is similar to the scientific method with free flow of ideas that are constantly contested and only the ones with the most compelling evidence win. Not being open means more obscurity, more risk and more “just trust us bro” attitude.

This open vs. closed is very visible for example in how Oracle handles security issues. We can see that in 2025 alone MySQL published 123 CVEs about security issues, while MariaDB had 8. There were 117 CVEs that only affected MySQL and not MariaDB in 2025. I haven’t read them all, but typically the CVEs hardly contain any real details. As an example, the most recent one CVE-2025-53067 states “Easily exploitable vulnerability allows high privileged attacker with network access via multiple protocols to compromise MySQL Server.” There is no information a security researcher or auditor could use to verify if any original issue actually existed, or if it was fixed, or if the fix was sufficient and fully mitigating the issue or not. MySQL users just have to take the word of Oracle that it is all good now. Handling security issues like this is in stark contrast to other open source projects, where all security issues and their code fixes are open for full scrutiny after the initial embargo is over and CVE made public.

There is also various forms of enshittification going on one would not see in a true open source project, and everything about MySQL as a software, documentation and website is pushing users to stop using the open source version and move to the closed MySQL versions, and in particular to Heatwave, which is not only closed-source but also results in Oracle fully controlling customer’s databases contents.

Of course, some could say this is how Oracle makes money and is able to provide a better product. But stories on Reddit and elsewhere suggest that what is going on is more like Oracle milking hard the last remaining MySQL customers who are forced to pay more and more for getting less and less.

There are options and migrating is easy, just do it

A large part of MySQL users switched to MariaDB already in the mid-2010s, in particular everyone who had cared deeply about their database software staying truly open source. That included large installations such as Wikipedia, and Linux distributions such as Fedora and Debian. Because it’s open source and there is no centralized machine collecting statistics, nobody knows what the exact market shares look like. There are however some application specific stats, such as that 57% of WordPress sites around the world run MariaDB, while the share for MySQL is 42%.

For anyone running a classic LAMP stack application such as WordPress, Drupal, Mediawiki, Nextcloud, or Magento, switching the old MySQL database to MariaDB is be straightforward. As MariaDB is a fork of MySQL and mostly backwards compatible with it, swapping out MySQL for MariaDB can be done without changing any of the existing connectors or database clients, as they will continue to work with MariaDB as if it was MySQL.

For those running custom applications and who have the freedom to make changes to how and what database is used, there are tens of mature and well-functioning open source databases to choose from, with PostgreSQL being the most popular general database. If your application was built from the start for MySQL, switching to PostgreSQL may however require a lot of work, and the MySQL/MariaDB architecture and storage engine InnoDB may still offer an edge in e.g. online services where high performance, scalability and solid replication features are of highest priority. For a quick and easy migration MariaDB is probably the best option.

Switching from MySQL to the Percona Server is also very easy, as it closely tracks all changes in MySQL and deviates from it only by a small number of improvements done by Percona. However, also precisely because of it being basically just a customized version of the MySQL Server, it’s not a viable long-term solution for those trying to fully ditch the dependency on Oracle.

There are also several open source databases that have no common ancestry with MySQL, but strive to be MySQL-compatible. Thus most apps built for MySQL can simply switch to using them without needing SQL statements to be rewritten. One such database is TiDB, which has been designed from scratch specifically for highly scalable and large systems, and is so good that even Amazon’s latest database solution DSQL was built borrowing many ideas from TiDB. However, TiDB only really shines with larger distributed setups, so for the vast majority of regular small- and mid-scale applications currently using MySQL, the most practical solution is probably to just switch to MariaDB, which on most Linux distributions can simply be installed by running apt/dnf/brew install mariadb-server.

Whatever you end up choosing, as long as it is not Oracle, you will be better off.

11 January, 2026 12:00AM

January 10, 2026

Matthias Geiger

Building a propagation box for oyster mushrooms

Inspiration

In November I watched a short documentary about a guy who grew pearl oyster mushrooms in his backyard. They used pallet boxes (half of a europallet, 60x80x20 cm) as box to keep the substrate the mycelium feeds on in. Since I really enjoy (foraged) mushrooms and had the raw materials lying around, I opted to build it myself. This also had the benefit of using what was available and not just consuming, i.e. buying a pallet box.

Preparing the raw materials

I had 4.5 m x ~ 25 cm wooden spruce planks at home. My plan was to cut those into 2 m segments, then trim the edges down to 20 cm and then cut them into handy pieces, following the dimension of half a pallet box. This is what they looked after cutting them with an electric chainsaw to around 2 m:

raw_planks

You can see that the edges are still not straight, because that's how they came out of the sawmill.

Once that was done I visited a family member that had a crosscut saw, a table saw and a band saw; all that I would need. First we trimmed the edges of the 2m planks with the table saw so they were somewhat straight; then they were flipped and the other edge was cut straight, and their width cut down to 20 cm.

After moving them over to the crosscut saw dividing them into two 60 cm and one 80 cm was fairly easy. When cutting the 2m planks from the 4m ones I calculated with extra offcuts, so I got little waste overall and could use the whole length to get my desired board.

This is what the cut pieces looked like: cut_planks

Assembly

I packed up my planks, now nicely cut to size, and I went to a hardware shop and bought hinges and screws. Assembly was fairly easy and fast: screw a hinge to a corner, hold the other plank onto the hinge so that the corners of both boards touch, and affix the hinge.

plank_with_hinge corner_with_hinge

When this was done, the frame looked like this:

finished_frame

As last step I drilled 10mm holes more or less random in the middle of the box. This is where the mushrooms will grow out of later and can be harvested.

box_with_holes

Closing thoughts

This was a fun project I finished in a day. The hinges have the benefit that they allow the box to be folded up lenght-wise: folded This allows for convenient storage. Since it's too cold outside right now, cultivation will have to wait until spring. This also just needs mycelium one can just buy, and some material fungus digests. They can also be fed coffee grounds, and harvest of the fruit body is possible circa every two weeks.

10 January, 2026 05:45PM by Matthias Geiger

Scarlett Gately Moore

I love KDE too much to retire! Snap beta releases trickling in. Stay tuned.

A short but sweet note to say I am coming out of my short retirement to help with snaps again. My time is extremely limited, however we are working hard on getting snaps on CI and I have some newer snaps in –beta trickling in for testing. You must install kf6-core24 from beta as well to test them ( this will likely break older kde snaps in the process so beware. ) This is slow going as I work on them during my hour lunch at day job and spare stolen moments. KDE is coming up on its 30th birthday!!! How cool is that!

I ❤ KDE

Like my work? Consider a donation. Thank you!

Donate

10 January, 2026 04:54PM by sgmoore

January 09, 2026

Simon Josefsson

Debian Taco – Towards a GitSecDevOps Debian

One of my holiday projects was to understand and gain more trust in how Debian binaries are built, and as the holidays are coming to an end, I’d like to introduce a new research project called Debian Taco. I apparently need more holidays, because there are still more work to be done here, so at the end I’ll summarize some pending work.

Debian Taco, or TacOS, is a GitSecDevOps rebuild of Debian GNU/Linux.

The Debian Taco project publish rebuilt binary packages, package repository metadata (InRelease, Packages, etc), container images, cloud images and live images.

All packages are built from pristine source packages in the Debian archive. Debian Taco does not modify any Debian source code nor add or remove any packages found in Debian.

No servers are involved! Everything is built in GitLab pipelines and results are published through modern GitDevOps mechanism like GitLab Pages and S3 object storage. You can fork the individual projects below on GitLab.com and you will have your own Debian-derived OS available for tweaking. (Of course, at some level, servers are always involved, so this claim is a bit of hyperbole.)

Goals

The goal of TacOS is to be bit-by-bit identical with official Debian GNU/Linux, and until that has been completed, publish diffoscope output with differences.

The idea is to further categorize all artifact differences into one of the following categories:

1) An obvious bug in Debian. For example, if a package does not build reproducible.

2) An obvious bug in TacOS. For example, if our build environment does not manage to build a package.

3) Something else. This would be input for further research and consideration. This category also include things where it isn’t obvious if it is a bug in Debian or in TacOS. Known examples:

3A) Packages in TacOS are rebuilt the latest available source code, not the (potentially) older package that were used to build the Debian packages. This could lead to differences in the packages. These differences may be useful to analyze to identify supply-chain attacks. See some discussion about idempotent rebuilds.

Our packages are all built from source code, unless we have not yet managed to build something. In the latter situation, Debian Taco falls back and uses the official Debian artifact. This allows an incremental publication of Debian Taco that still is 100% complete without requiring that everything is rebuilt instantly. The goal is that everything should be rebuilt, and until that has been completed, publish a list of artifacts that we use verbatim from Debian.

Debian Taco Archive

The Debian Taco Archive project generate and publish the package archive (dists/tacos-trixie/InRelease, dists/tacos-trixie/main/binary-amd64/Packages.gz, pool/* etc), similar to what is published at https://deb.debian.org/debian/.

The output of the Debian Taco Archive is available from https://debdistutils.gitlab.io/tacos/archive/.

Debian Taco Container Images

The Debian Taco Container Images project provide container images of Debian Taco for trixie, forky and sid on the amd64, arm64, ppc64el and riscv64 architectures.

These images allow quick and simple use of Debian Taco interactively, but makes it easy to deploy for container orchestration frameworks.

Debian Taco Cloud Images

The Debian Taco Cloud Images project provide cloud images of Debian Taco for trixie, forky and sid on the amd64, arm64, ppc64el and riscv64 architectures.

Launch and install Debian Taco for your cloud environment!

Debian Taco Live Images

The Debian Taco Live Images project provide live images of Debian Taco for trixie, forky and sid on the amd64 and arm64 architectures.

These images allows running Debian Taco on physical hardware (or virtual machines), and even installation for permanent use.

Debian Taco Build Images and Packages

Packages are built using debdistbuild, which was introduced in a blog about Build Debian in a GitLab Pipeline.

The first step is to prepare build images, which is done by the Debian Taco Build Images project. They are similar to the Debian Taco containers but have build-essential and debdistbuild installed on them.

Debdistbuild is launched in a per-architecture per-suite CI/CD project. Currently only trixie-amd64 is available. That project has built some essential early packages like base-files, debian-archive-keyring and hostname. They are stored in Git LFS backed by a S3 object storage. These packages were all built reproducibly. So this means Debian Taco is still 100% bit-by-bit identical to Debian, except for the renaming.

I’ve yet to launch a more massive wide-scale package rebuild until some outstanding issues have been resolved. I earlier rebuilt around 7000 packages from Trixie on amd64, so I know that the method easily scales.

Remaining work

Where is the diffoscope package outputs and list of package differences? For another holiday! Clearly this is an important remaining work item.

Another important outstanding issue is how to orchestrate launching the build of all packages. Clearly a list of packages is needed, and some trigger mechanism to understand when new packages are added to Debian.

One goal was to build packages from the tag2upload browse.dgit.debian.org archive, before checking the Debian Archive. This ought to be really simple to implement, but other matters came first.

GitLab or Codeberg?

Everything is written using basic POSIX /bin/sh shell scripts. Debian Taco uses the GitLab CI/CD Pipeline mechanism together with a Hetzner S3 object storage to serve packages. The scripts have only weak reliance on GitLab-specific principles, and were designed with the intention to support other platforms. I believe reliance on a particular CI/CD platform is a limitation, so I’d like to explore shipping Debian Taco through a Forgejo-based architecture, possibly via Codeberg as soon as I manage to deploy reliable Forgejo runners.

The important aspects that are required are:

1) Pipelines that can build and publish web sites similar to GitLab Pages. Codeberg has a pipeline mechanism. I’ve successfully used Codeberg Pages to publish the OATH Toolkit homepage homepage. Glueing this together seems feasible.

2) Container Registry. It seems Forgejo supports a Container Registry but I’ve not worked with it at Codeberg to understand if there are any limitations.

3) Package Registry. The Deban Taco live images are uploaded into a package registry, because they are too big for being served through GitLab Pages. It may be converted to using a Pages mechanism, or possibly through Release Artifacts if multi-GB artifacts are supported on other platforms.

I hope to continue this work and explaining more details in a series of posts, stay tuned!

09 January, 2026 04:33PM by simon

Russell Coker

LEAF ZE1 After 6 Months

About 6 months ago I got a Nissan LEAF ZE1 (2019 model) [1]. Generally it’s going well and I’m happy with most things about it.

One issue is that as there isn’t a lot of weight in the front with the batteries in the centre of the car the front wheels slip easily when accelerating. It’s a minor thing but a good reason for wanting AWD in an electric car.

When I got the car I got two charging devices, the one to charge from a regular 240V 10A power point (often referred to as a “granny charger”) and a cable with a special EV charging connector on each end. The cable with an EV connector on each end is designed for charging that’s faster than the “granny charger” but not as fast as the rapid chargers which have the cable connected to the supply so the cable temperature can be monitored and/or controlled. That cable can be used if you get a fast charger setup at your home (which I never plan to do) and apparently at some small hotels and other places with home-style EV charging. I’m considering just selling that cable on ebay as I don’t think I have any need to personally own a cable other than the “granny charger”.

The key fob for the LEAF has a battery installed, it’s either CR2032 or CR2025 – mine has CR2025. Some reports on the Internet suggest that you can stuff a CR2032 battery in anyway but that didn’t work for me as the thickness of the battery stopped some of the contacts from making a good connection. I think I could have got it going by putting some metal in between but the batteries aren’t expensive enough to make it worth the effort and risk. It would be nice if I could use batteries from my stockpile of CR2032 batteries that came from old PCs but I can afford to spend a few dollars on it.

My driveway is short and if I left the charger out it would be visible from the street and at risk of being stolen. I’m thinking of chaining the charger to a tree and having some sort of waterproof enclosure for it so I don’t have to go to the effort of taking it out of the boot every time I use it. Then I could also configure the car to only charge during the peak sunlight hours when the solar power my home feeds into the grid has a negative price (we have so much solar power that it’s causing grid problems).

The cruise control is a pain to use, so much so that I haven’t yet got it to work usefully ever. The features look good in the documentation but in practice it’s not as good as the Kia one I’ve used previously where I could just press one button to turn it on, another button to set the current speed as the cruise control speed, and then just have it work.

The electronic compass built in to the dash turned out to be surprisingly useful. I regret not gluing a compass to the dash of previous cars. One example is when I start google navigation for a journey and it says “go South on street X” and I need to know which direction is South so I don’t start in the wrong direction. Another example is when I know that I’m North of a major road that I need to take to get to my destination so I just need to go roughly South and that is enough to get me to a road I recognise.

In the past when there is a bird in the way I don’t do anything different, I keep driving at the same speed and rely on the bird to see me and move out of the way. Birds have faster reactions than humans and have evolved to move at the speeds cars travel on all roads other than freeways, also birds that are on roads are usually ones that have an eye in each side of their head so they can’t not see my car approaching. For decades this has worked, but recently a bird just stood on the road and got squashed. So I guess that I should honk when there’s birds on the road.

Generally everything about the car is fine and I’m happy to keep driving it.

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09 January, 2026 03:32AM by etbe

Reproducible Builds (diffoscope)

diffoscope 310 released

The diffoscope maintainers are pleased to announce the release of diffoscope version 310. This version includes the following changes:

[ Chris Lamb ]
* Reference the Debian 'ocaml' package instead of 'ocaml-nox'.
  (Closes: #1125094)

You find out more by visiting the project homepage.

09 January, 2026 12:00AM

January 08, 2026

Reproducible Builds

Reproducible Builds in December 2025

Welcome to the December 2025 from the Reproducible Builds project!

Our monthly reports outline what we’ve been up to over the past month, highlighting items of news from elsewhere in the increasingly-important area of software supply-chain security. As ever, if you are interested in contributing to the Reproducible Builds project, please see the Contribute page on our website.

  1. New orig-check service to validate Debian upstream tarballs
  2. Distribution work
  3. disorderfs updated to FUSE 3
  4. Mailing list updates
  5. Three new academic papers published
  6. Website updates
  7. Upstream patches

New orig-check service to validate Debian upstream tarballs

This month, Debian Developer Lucas Nussbaum announced the orig-check service, which attempts to automatically reproduce the generation upstream tarballs (ie. the “original source” component of a Debian source package), comparing that to the upstream tarball actually shipped with Debian.

As of the time of writing, it is possible for a Debian developer to upload a source archive that does not actually correspond to upstream’s version. Whilst this is not inherently malicious (it typically indicates some tooling/process issue), the very possibility that a maintainer’s version may differ potentially permits a maintainer to make (malicious) changes that would be misattributed to upstream.

This service therefore nicely complements the whatsrc.org service, which was reported in our reports for both April and August. The orig-check is dedicated to Lunar, who sadly passed away a year ago.


Distribution work

In Arch Linux this month, Robin Candau and Mark Hegreberg worked at making the Arch Linux WSL image bit-for-bit reproducible. Robin also shared some implementation details and future related work on our mailing list.

Continuing a series reported in these reports for March, April and July 2025 (etc.), Simon Josefsson has published another interesting article this month, itself a followup to a post Simon published in December 2024 regarding GNU Guix Container Images that are hosted on GitLab.

In Debian this month, Micha Lenk posted to the debian-backports-announce mailing list with the news that the Backports archive will now discard binaries generated and uploaded by maintainers: “The benefit is that all binary packages [will] get built by the Debian buildds before we distribute them within the archive.”

Felix Moessbauer of Siemens then filed a bug in the Debian bug tracker to signal their intention to package debsbom, a software bill of materials (SBOM) generator for distributions based on Debian. This generated a discussion on the bug inquiring about the output format as well as a question about how these SBOMs might be distributed.

Holger Levsen merged a number of significant changes written by Alper Nebi Yasak to the Debian Installer in order to improve its reproducibility. As noted in Alper’s merge request, “These are the reproducibility fixes I looked into before bookworm release, but was a bit afraid to send as it’s just before the release, because the things like the xorriso conversion changes the content of the files to try to make them reproducible.”

In addition, 76 reviews of Debian packages were added, 8 were updated and 27 were removed this month adding to our knowledge about identified issues. A new different_package_content_when_built_with_nocheck issue type was added by Holger Levsen. […]

Arnout Engelen posted to our mailing list reporting that they successfully reproduced the NixOS minimal installation ISO for the 25.11 release without relying on a pre-compiled package archive, with more details on their blog.

Lastly, Bernhard M. Wiedemann posted another openSUSE monthly update for his work there.


disorderfs updated to FUSE 3

disorderfs is our FUSE-based filesystem that deliberately introduces non-determinism into system calls to reliably flush out reproducibility issues.

This month, however, Roland Clobus upgraded disorderfs* from FUSE 2 to FUSE 3 after its package automatically got removed from Debian testing. Some tests in Debian currently require disorderfs to make the Debian live images reproducible, although disorderfs is not a Debian-specific tool.


Mailing list updates

On our mailing list this month:

  • Luca Di Maio announced stampdalf, a “filesystem timestamp preservation” tool that wraps “arbitrary commands and ensures filesystem timestamp reproducibility”:

    stampdalf allows you to run any command that modifies files in a directory tree, then automatically resets all timestamps back to their original values. Any new files created during command execution are set to [the UNIX epoch] or a custom timestamp via SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH.

    The project’s GitHub page helpfully reveals that the project is “pronounced: stamp-dalf (stamp like time-stamp, dalf like Gandalf the wizard)” as “it’s a wizard of time and stamps”.)

  • Lastly, Reproducible Builds developer cen1 posted to our list announcing that “early/experimental/alpha” support for FreeBSD was added to rebuilderd. In their post, cen1 reports that the “initial builds are in progress and look quite decent”. cen1 also interestingly notes that “since the upstream is currently not technically reproducible I had to relax the bit-for-bit identical requirement of rebuilderd [—] I consider the pkg to be reproducible if the tar is content-identical (via diffoscope), ignoring timestamps and some of the manifest files.”.


Three new academic papers published

Yogya Gamage and Benoit Baudry of Université de Montréal, Canada together with Deepika Tiwari and Martin Monperrus of KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden published a paper on The Design Space of Lockfiles Across Package Managers:

Most package managers also generate a lockfile, which records the exact set of resolved dependency versions. Lockfiles are used to reduce build times; to verify the integrity of resolved packages; and to support build reproducibility across environments and time. Despite these beneficial features, developers often struggle with their maintenance, usage, and interpretation. In this study, we unveil the major challenges related to lockfiles, such that future researchers and engineers can address them. […]

A PDF of their paper is available online.

Benoit Baudry also posted an announcement to our mailing list, which generated a number of replies.


Betul Gokkaya, Leonardo Aniello and Basel Halak of the University of Southampton then published a paper on the A taxonomy of attacks, mitigations and risk assessment strategies within the software supply chain:

While existing studies primarily focus on software supply chain attacks’ prevention and detection methods, there is a need for a broad overview of attacks and comprehensive risk assessment for software supply chain security. This study conducts a systematic literature review to fill this gap. By analyzing 96 papers published between 2015-2023, we identified 19 distinct SSC attacks, including 6 novel attacks highlighted in recent studies. Additionally, we developed 25 specific security controls and established a precisely mapped taxonomy that transparently links each control to one or more specific attacks. […]

A PDF of the paper is available online via the article’s canonical page.


Aman Sharma and Martin Monperrus of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden along with Benoit Baudry of Université de Montréal, Canada published a paper this month on Causes and Canonicalization of Unreproducible Builds in Java. The abstract of the paper is as follows:

[Achieving] reproducibility at scale remains difficult, especially in Java, due to a range of non-deterministic factors and caveats in the build process. In this work, we focus on reproducibility in Java-based software, archetypal of enterprise applications. We introduce a conceptual framework for reproducible builds, we analyze a large dataset from Reproducible Central, and we develop a novel taxonomy of six root causes of unreproducibility. […]

A PDF of the paper is available online.


Website updates

Once again, there were a number of improvements made to our website this month including:


Upstream patches

The Reproducible Builds project detects, dissects and attempts to fix as many currently-unreproducible packages as possible. We endeavour to send all of our patches upstream where appropriate. This month, we wrote a large number of such patches, including:



Finally, if you are interested in contributing to the Reproducible Builds project, please visit our Contribute page on our website. However, you can get in touch with us via:

08 January, 2026 10:51PM

Dima Kogan

Meshroom packaged for Debian

Like the title says, I just packaged Meshroom (and all the adjacent dependencies) for Debian! This is a fancy photogrammetry toolkit that uses modern software development methods. "Modern" meaning that it has a multitude of dependencies that come from lots of disparate places, which make it impossible for a mere mortal to build the thing. The Linux "installer" is 13GB and probably is some sort of container, or something.

But now, if you have a Debian/sid box with the non-free repos enabled, you can 

sudo apt install meshroom

And then you can generate and 3D-print a life-size, geometrically-accurate statue of your cat. The colmap package does a similar thing, and has been in Debian for a while. I think it can't do as many things, but it's good to have both tools easily available.

These packages are all in contrib, because they depend on a number of non-free things, most notably CUDA.

This is currently in Debian/sid, but should be picked up by the downstream distros as they're released. The next noteworthy one is Ubuntu 26.04. Testing and feedback welcome.

08 January, 2026 03:34PM by Dima Kogan

Sven Hoexter

Moving from hexchat to Halloy

I'm not hanging around on IRC a lot these days, but when I do I used hexchat (and xchat before). Probably a bad habbit of clinging to what I got used to for the past 25 years. But in the light of the planned removal of GTK2, it felt like it was time to look for an alternative.

Halloy looked interesting, albeit not packaged for Debian. But upstream references a flatpak (another party I did not join so far), good enough to give it a try.

$ sudo apt install flatpak
$ flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://dl.flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo
$ flatpak install org.squidowl.halloy
$ flatpak run org.squidowl.halloy

Configuration ends up at ~/.var/app/org.squidowl.halloy/config/halloy/config.toml, which I linked for convenience to ~/.halloy.toml.

Since I connect via ZNC in an odd old setup without those virtual networks, but several accounts, and of course never bothered to replace the self signed certificate, it requires some additional configuration to be able to connect. Each account gets its own servers.<foo> block like this:

[servers.bnc-oftc]
nickname = "my-znc-user-for-this-network"
server = "sven.stormbind.net"
dangerously_accept_invalid_certs = true
password = "mypasssowrd"
port = 4711
use_tls = true

Halloy has also a small ZNC guide.

I'm growing old, so a bigger font size is useful. Be aware that font changes require an application restart to take effect.

[font]
size = 16
family = "Noto Mono"

I also prefer the single-pane mode which could be copy & pasted as documented.

Works good enough for now. hexchat was also the last none wayland application I've been using (xlsclients output is finally empty).

08 January, 2026 10:32AM

January 07, 2026

hackergotchi for Gunnar Wolf

Gunnar Wolf

Artificial Intelligence • Play or break the deck

This post is an unpublished review for Artificial Intelligence • Play or break the deck

As a little disclaimer, I usually review books or articles written in English, and although I will offer this review to Computing Reviews as usual, it is likely it will not be published. The title of this book in Spanish is Inteligencia artificial: jugar o romper la baraja.

I was pointed at this book, published last October by Margarita Padilla García, a well known Free Software activist from Spain who has long worked on analyzing (and shaping) aspects of socio-technological change. As other books published by Traficantes de sueños, this book is published as Open Access, under a CC BY-NC license, and can be downloaded in full. I started casually looking at this book, with too long a backlog of material to read, but soon realized I could just not put it down: it completely captured me.

This book presents several aspects of Artificial Intelligence (AI), written for a general, non-technical audience. Many books with a similar target have been published, but this one is quite unique; first of all, it is written in a personal, non-formal tone. Contrary to what’s usual in my reading, the author made the explicit decision not to fill the book with references to her sources (“because searching on Internet, it’s very easy to find things”), making the book easier to read linearly — a decision I somewhat regret, but recognize helps develop the author’s style.

The book has seven sections, dealing with different aspects of AI. They are the “Visions” (historical framing of the development of AI); “Spectacular” (why do we feel AI to be so disrupting, digging particularly into game engines and search space); “Strategies”, explaining how multilayer neural networks work and linking the various branches of historic AI together, arriving at Natural Language Processing; “On the inside”, tackling technical details such as algorithms, the importance of training data, bias, discrimination; “On the outside”, presenting several example AI implementations with socio-ethical implications; “Philosophy”, presenting the works of Marx, Heidegger and Simondon in their relation with AI, work, justice, ownership; and “Doing”, presenting aspects of social activism in relation to AI. Each part ends with yet another personal note: Margarita Padilla includes a letter to one of her friends related to said part.

Totalling 272 pages (A5, or roughly half-letter, format), this is a rather small book. I read it probably over a week. So, while this book does not provide lots of new information to me, the way how it was written, made it a very pleasing experience, and it will surely influence the way I understand or explain several concepts in this domain.

07 January, 2026 07:46PM

Ravi Dwivedi

Why my Riseup account got suspended (and reinstated)

Disclaimer: The goal of this post is not to attack Riseup. In fact, I love Riseup and support their work.

Story

Riseup is an email provider, known for its privacy-friendly email service. The service requires an invite from an existing Riseup email user to get an account.

I created my account on Riseup in the year 2020, of course with the help of a friend who invited me. Since then, I have used the email address only occasionally, although it is logged into my Thunderbird all the time.

Fast-forward to the 4th of January 2026, when Thunderbird suddenly told me that it could not log in to my Riseup account. When I tried logging in using their webmail, it said “invalid password”. Finally, I tried logging in to my account on their website, and was told that…

Log in for that account is temporary suspended while we perform maintenance. Please try again later.

At this point, I suspected that the Riseup service itself was facing some issues. I asked a friend who had an account there if the service was up, and they said that it was. The issue seemed to be specific only to my account.

I contacted Riseup support and informed them of the issue. They responded the next day (the 5th of January) saying:

The my-username-redacted account was found inviting another account that violated our terms of use. As a security measure we suspend all related accounts to ToS violations.

(Before we continue, I would like to take a moment and reflect upon how nice it was to receive response from a human rather than an AI bot—a trend that is unfortunately becoming the norm nowadays.)

I didn’t know who violated their ToS, so I asked which account violated their terms. Riseup told me:

username-redacted@riseup.net attempted to create aliases that could be abused to impersonate riseup itself.

I asked a friend whom I invited a month before the incident, and they confirmed that the username belonged to them. When I asked what they did, they told me they tried creating aliases such as floatup and risedown. I also asked Riseup which aliases violated their terms, but their support didn’t answer this.

I explained to the Riseup support that the “impersonation” wasn’t intentional, that the user hadn’t sent any emails, and that I had been a user for more than 5 years and had donated to them in the past.

Furthermore, I suggested that they should block the creation of such aliases if they think the aliases violate their terms, like how email providers typically don’t allow users to create admin@ or abuse@ email addresses.

After I explained myself, Riseup reinstated my account.

Update on the 10th of January 2025: My friend told me that the alias that violated Riseup’s terms was cloudadmin and his account was reinstated on the 7th of January.

Issues with suspension

I have the following issues regarding the way the suspension took place —

  • There was no way of challenging the suspension before the action was taken
  • The action taken against me was disproportionate. Remember that I didn’t violate any terms. It was allegedly done by a user I invited. They could just block the aliases while continuing the discussion in parallel.
  • I was locked out of my account with no way of saving my emails and without any chance to migrate. What if that email address was being used for important stuff such as bank access or train tickets? I know people who use Riseup email for such purposes.
  • The violation wasn’t even proven. I wasn’t told which alias violated the terms and how could that be used to impersonate Riseup itself

When I brought up the issue of me getting locked out of my account without a way of downloading my emails or migrating my account, Riseup support responded by saying:

You must understand that we react [by] protecting our service, and therefore we cannot provide notice messages on the affected accounts. We need to act preventing any potential damage to the service that might affect the rest of the users, and that measure is not excessive (think on how abusers/spammers/scammers/etc could trick us and attempt any action before their account is suspended).

This didn’t address my concerns, so let’s move on to the next section.

Room for improvement

Here’s how I think Riseup’s ban policy could be changed while still protecting against spammers and other bad actors:

  • Even if Riseup can’t provide notice to blocked accounts, perhaps they can scale back limitations on the inviting account which wasn’t even involved—for example, by temporarily disabling invites from that account until the issue is resolved.

  • In this case, the person didn’t impersonate Riseup, so Riseup could have just blocked the aliases and let the user know about it, rather than banning the account outright.

  • Riseup should give blocked users access to their existing emails so they have a chance to migrate them to a different provider. (Riseup could disable SMTP and maybe incoming emails but keep IMAP access open). I know people who use Riseup for important things such as bank or train tickets, and a sudden block like this is not a good idea.

  • Riseup should factor in the account profile in making these decisions. I had an account on their service for 5 years and I had only created around 5 invites. (I don’t remember the exact number and there’s no way to retrieve this information.) This is not exactly an attacker profile. I feel long-term users like this deserve an explanation for a ban.

I understand Riseup is a community-run service and does not have unlimited resources like big corporations or commercial email providers do. Their actions felt disproportionate to me because I don’t know what issues they face behind the scenes. I hope someone can help to improve the policies, or at least shed light on why they are the way they are.

Signing off now. Meet you in the next one!

Thanks to Badri and Contrapunctus for reviewing this blog post

07 January, 2026 06:24PM

Thorsten Alteholz

My Debian Activities in December 2025

Debian LTS/ELTS

This was my hundred-thirty-eighth month that I did some work for the Debian LTS initiative, started by Raphael Hertzog at Freexian. (As the LTS- and ELTS-teams have been merged now, there is only one paragraph left for both activities.)

During my allocated time I uploaded or worked on:

  • [cups] upload to unstable to fix an issue with the latest security upload
  • [libcoap3] uploaded to unstable to fix ten CVEs
  • [gcal] check whether security bug reports are really security bug reports (no, they are not and no CVEs have been issued yet)
  • [#1124284] trixie-pu for libcoap3 to fix ten CVEs in Trixie.
  • [#1121342] trixie-pu bug; debdiff has been approved and libcupsfilters uploaded.
  • [#1121391] trixie-pu bug; debdiff has been approved and cups-filter uploaded.
  • [#1121392] bookworm-pu bug; debdiff has been approved and cups-filter uploaded.
  • [#1121433] trixie-pu bug; debdiff has been approved and rlottie uploaded.
  • [#1121437] bookworm-pu bug; debdiff has been approved and rlottie uploaded.
  • [#1124284] trixie-pu bug; debdiff has been approved and libcoap3 uploaded.

I also tried to backport the libcoap3-patches to Bookworm, but I am afraid the changes would be too intrusive.

When I stumbled upon a comment for 7zip about “finding the patches might be a hard”, I couldn’t believe it. Well, Daniel was right and I didn’t find any.

Furthermore I worked on suricata, marked some CVEs as not-affected or ignored, and added some new patches. Unfortunately my allocated time was spent before I could do a new upload.

I also attended the monthly LTS/ELTS meeting.

Last but not least I injected some packages for uploads to security-master.

Debian Printing

This month I uploaded a new upstream version or a bugfix version of:

  • … cups to unstable.

This work is generously funded by Freexian!

Debian Lomiri

I started to contribute to Lomiri packages, which are part of the Debian UBports Team. As a first step I took care of failing CI pipelines and tried to fix them. A next step would be to package some new Applications.

This work is generously funded by Fre(i)e Software GmbH!

Debian Astro

This month I uploaded a new upstream version or a bugfix version of:

Debian IoT

This month I uploaded a new upstream version or a bugfix version of:

Debian Mobcom

Unfortunately I didn’t found any time to work on this topic.

misc

This month I uploaded a new upstream version or a bugfix version of:

Last but not least, I wish (almost) everbody a Happy New Year and hope that you are able to stick to your New Year’s resolutions.

07 January, 2026 02:54PM by alteholz

January 05, 2026

Isoken Ibizugbe

Thinking About My Audience

Thinking about who I am addressing is a challenge, but it is an important one. As I write, I realize I’m speaking to three distinct groups: my friends and family who are new to the world of tech, newcomers eager to join programs like Outreachy, and the technical experts who maintain and sustain the projects I work on.

What is FOSS anyway?

To my friends and family: Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) refers to software that anyone can freely use, modify, and share. Think of it as a community garden, instead of one company owning the “food,” people from all over the world contribute, improve, and maintain it so everyone can benefit from it for free.

To the Aspiring Contributors

Contributing to an open source project isn’t just about writing code. It could involve going over a ton of documentation and understanding a specific coding style. You have to set up your environment and learn to treat documentation as a “source of truth,” even if it’s something you help modify and improve later.

Where I come from, this world is fairly unknown, and it seemed quite scary at first. However, I’ve learned that asking questions and communicating are your best tools. Don’t be afraid to do your part by investigating and reading, but remember that the community is there to help you grow.

Why Quality Matters

For the past few weeks, I’ve seen the importance of checking software quality before a release.

Imagine you download a new desktop environment, try to open the calculator or the clock, and it crashes or refuses to start. How annoying is that? Or worse, you download software and can’t even install it successfully. My work on creating tests for Debian using openQA is aimed at preventing these experiences. We simulate real user actions to make sure that when someone clicks “Open,” the application actually works.

Closing Thoughts

In general, FOSS has empowered people to access and build technology freely. Whether you are here to use the software or you have the expertise to modify and explore it, there is a place for you in this community.

I’m writing this for you, whichever audience you belong to, to show that complex systems become less intimidating when you begin by asking questions.

05 January, 2026 10:46PM by Isoken Ibizugbe

Hellen Chemtai

Starting out on Open source: Try the OpenQA Debian Image Testing Project

Hello world 😆. I am an intern at Outreachy and contributing to the Debian Images Testing project since October 2025. This project is Open Source and everyone can contribute to it in any way. The project uses Open QA to automatically install Operating System Images and test them . We have a community here of contributors that is always ready to help out. The mentors and project maintainers are very open to contributions. They listen to any innovative ideas and point out what they have been doing so far.

So far contributions have been in terms of:

  • Documentation – Adding to install guides
  • Pseudo Tests – Suggesting an idea after finding an error or idea
  • Pointing out bugs / errors when trying out tests
  • Work on tests
  • Contribute towards the wider community / help out other contributors
  • Heck, you can even create a screen-cast video doing the set up and add it to the guide / docs
  • Developers with further understanding can try to work with the maintainers on packages

Contributing to this project requires some knowledge of Linux commands and Operating Systems. What we will learn later as we go on will be :

  • Images / Operating System Installation through dual booting
  • More Linux commands
  • Images / Operating System Installation and testing on Virtual Machine
  • Git commands
  • Writing testing documentation
  • Writing Pseudo Tests
  • Writing test modules / code using Perl
  • Working on configuration

Preparation

Before any contribution begins, we would want to first try out the project and run a couple of tests. Get to understand what we are doing first. Let’s say you are starting out as a Windows or MacOS user and you want to start contributing. I would recommend dual partitioning your device first. Do enough research and prepare the resources. The network install image just needs at-least 4 GB USB flash drive for dual booting. You will use Debian as the second operating system. Give enough space to Debian, I recommend around 150 GB or more. Also assign at-least 1 GB space to the /boot/efi directory to prevent the low space warnings after a while.This will be a way good way to learn about image installation which is part of the work . I do not recommend Virtual Box because it will hinder full use of system resources. This process will take a day or two.

Set Up and Testing

After dual booting. We log into our Debian System . The next step of instructions will take you through how we set up and run our tests. These instructions have many Linux commands. You will be learning if you are a newbie as you go through the steps. Try to understand these commands and do not blindly copy and paste. You can start your contributions here if you have a suggestion to add to the install docs. Run some tests then log in the Web UI as per the instructions to view your tests progress. Green means they’ve passed. Blue means its still running. Red means failed.

Trying Out Ideas

Kudos if you have reached this point. The community of contributors will help if you are stuck. We get to try out our own variations of tests using variables. We will also rely on documentation to understand the configurations / test commands like these 

openqa-cli api -X POST isos ISO=debian-13.1.0-amd64-netinst.iso DISTRI=debian VERSION=stable FLAVOR=netinst-iso ARCH=x86_64 BUILD=1310 #This is the test you will run on the guide

openqa-cli api -X POST isos ISO=debian-13.1.0-amd64-netinst.iso DISTRI=debian VERSION=stable FLAVOR=netinst-iso ARCH=x86_64 BUILD=1310 TEST=cinnamon #I have added a TEST variable that runs only cinnamon test suite

You can check specific test suites from the WebUI :

We get some failures at times. Here are some failed tests from a build I was working on.

Here we find the cinnamon test failed at locale module. Click on any module above and it will lead us to needles and point to the where the test failed. You can check the error or try to add a needle if its needle failure.

Try editing a test module and test your changes. Try out some ideas. Read the documentation folder and write some pseudo code. Interact with the community. Try working on some tasks from the community . Create your tests and add them to the configuration. There is a lot of stuff that can you can work on in this community.

It may seem hard to grasp at first as a newbie to Open Source. The community will help you through out even if the problem seems small. We are very friendly and the code maintainers have extensive knowledge. Get to sit with us during one of our meetings and you will learn so much about the project. Learning , networking and communicating is part of contributing to the broader community.

05 January, 2026 06:41PM by hellen chemtai tay

hackergotchi for Colin Watson

Colin Watson

Free software activity in December 2025

About 95% of my Debian contributions this month were sponsored by Freexian.

You can also support my work directly via Liberapay or GitHub Sponsors.

Python packaging

I upgraded these packages to new upstream versions:

Python 3.14 is now a supported version in unstable, and we’re working to get that into testing. As usual this is a pretty arduous effort because it requires going round and fixing lots of odds and ends across the whole ecosystem. We can deal with a fair number of problems by keeping up with upstream (see above), but there tends to be a long tail of packages whose upstreams are less active and where we need to chase them, or where problems only show up in Debian for one reason or another. I spent a lot of time working on this:

Fixes for pytest 9:

I filed lintian: Report Python egg-info files/directories to help us track the migration to pybuild-plugin-pyproject.

I did some work on dh-python: Normalize names in pydist lookups and pyproject plugin: Support headers (the latter of which allowed converting python-persistent and zope.proxy to pybuild-plugin-pyproject, although it needed a follow-up fix).

I fixed or helped to fix several other build/test failures:

Other bugs:

Other bits and pieces

Code reviews

05 January, 2026 01:08PM by Colin Watson

hackergotchi for Bits from Debian

Bits from Debian

Debian welcomes Outreachy interns for December 2025-March 2026 round

Outreachy logo

Debian continues participating in Outreachy, and as you might have already noticed, Debian has selected two interns for the Outreachy December 2025 - March 2026 round.

After a busy contribution phase and a competitive selection process, Hellen Chemtai Taylor and Isoken Ibizugbe are officially working as interns on Debian Images Testing with OpenQA for the past month, mentored by Tássia Camões Araújo, Roland Clobus and Philip Hands.

Congratulations and welcome Hellen Chemtai Taylor and Isoken Ibizugbe!

The team also congratulates all candidates for their valuable contributions, with special thanks to those who manage to continue participating as volunteers.

From the official website: Outreachy provides three-month internships for people from groups traditionally underrepresented in tech. Interns work remotely with mentors from Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) communities on projects ranging from programming, user experience, documentation, illustration and graphical design, to data science.

The Outreachy programme is possible in Debian thanks to the efforts of Debian developers and contributors who dedicate their free time to mentor students and outreach tasks, and the Software Freedom Conservancy's administrative support, as well as the continued support of Debian's donors, who provide funding for the internships.

Join us and help to improve Debian! You can follow the work of the Outreachy interns reading their blog posts (syndicated in Planet Debian), and chat with the team at the debian-openqa matrix channel. For Outreachy matters, the programme admins can be reached on #debian-outreach IRC/matrix channel and mailing list.

05 January, 2026 09:00AM by Anupa Ann Joseph, Tássia Camões Araújo

Vincent Bernat

Using eBPF to load-balance traffic across UDP sockets with Go

Akvorado collects sFlow and IPFIX flows over UDP. Because UDP does not retransmit lost packets, it needs to process them quickly. Akvorado runs several workers listening to the same port. The kernel should load-balance received packets fairly between these workers. However, this does not work as expected. A couple of workers exhibit high packet loss:

$ curl -s 127.0.0.1:8080/api/v0/inlet/metrics \
> | sed -n s/akvorado_inlet_flow_input_udp_in_dropped//p
packets_total{listener="0.0.0.0:2055",worker="0"} 0
packets_total{listener="0.0.0.0:2055",worker="1"} 0
packets_total{listener="0.0.0.0:2055",worker="2"} 0
packets_total{listener="0.0.0.0:2055",worker="3"} 1.614933572278264e+15
packets_total{listener="0.0.0.0:2055",worker="4"} 0
packets_total{listener="0.0.0.0:2055",worker="5"} 0
packets_total{listener="0.0.0.0:2055",worker="6"} 9.59964121598348e+14
packets_total{listener="0.0.0.0:2055",worker="7"} 0

eBPF can help by implementing an alternate balancing algorithm. 🐝

Options for load-balancing

There are three methods to load-balance UDP packets across workers:

  1. One worker receives the packets and dispatches them to the other workers.
  2. All workers share the same socket.
  3. Each worker has its own socket, listening to the same port, with the SO_REUSEPORT socket option.

SO_REUSEPORT option

Tom Hebert added the SO_REUSEPORT socket option in Linux 3.9. The cover letter for his patch series explains why this new option is better than the two existing ones from a performance point of view:

SO_REUSEPORT allows multiple listener sockets to be bound to the same port. […] Received packets are distributed to multiple sockets bound to the same port using a 4-tuple hash.

The motivating case for SO_RESUSEPORT in TCP would be something like a web server binding to port 80 running with multiple threads, where each thread might have it’s own listener socket. This could be done as an alternative to other models:

  1. have one listener thread which dispatches completed connections to workers, or
  2. accept on a single listener socket from multiple threads.

In case #1, the listener thread can easily become the bottleneck with high connection turn-over rate. In case #2, the proportion of connections accepted per thread tends to be uneven under high connection load. […] We have seen the disproportion to be as high as 3:1 ratio between thread accepting most connections and the one accepting the fewest. With SO_REUSEPORT the distribution is uniform.

The motivating case for SO_REUSEPORT in UDP would be something like a DNS server. An alternative would be to receive on the same socket from multiple threads. As in the case of TCP, the load across these threads tends to be disproportionate and we also see a lot of contection on the socket lock.

Akvorado uses the SO_REUSEPORT option to dispatch the packets across the workers. However, because the distribution uses a 4-tuple hash, a single socket handles all the flows from one exporter.

SO_ATTACH_REUSEPORT_EBPF option

In Linux 4.5, Craig Gallek added the SO_ATTACH_REUSEPORT_EBPF option to attach an eBPF program to select the target UDP socket. In Linux 4.6, he extended it to support TCP. The socket(7) manual page documents this mechanism:1

The BPF program must return an index between 0 and N-1 representing the socket which should receive the packet (where N is the number of sockets in the group). If the BPF program returns an invalid index, socket selection will fall back to the plain SO_REUSEPORT mechanism.

In Linux 4.19, Martin KaFai Lau added the BPF_PROG_TYPE_SK_REUSEPORT program type. Such an eBPF program selects the socket from a BPF_MAP_TYPE_REUSEPORT_ARRAY map instead. This new approach is more reliable when switching target sockets from one instance to another—for example, when upgrading, a new instance can add its sockets and remove the old ones.

Load-balancing with eBPF and Go

Altering the load-balancing algorithm for a group of sockets requires two steps:

  1. write and compile an eBPF program in C,2 and
  2. load it and attach it in Go.

eBPF program in C

A simple load-balancing algorithm is to randomly choose the destination socket. The kernel provides the bpf_get_prandom_u32() helper function to get a pseudo-random number.

volatile const __u32 num_sockets; // ❶

struct {
    __uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_REUSEPORT_SOCKARRAY);
    __type(key, __u32);
    __type(value, __u64);
    __uint(max_entries, 256);
} socket_map SEC(".maps"); // ❷

SEC("sk_reuseport")
int reuseport_balance_prog(struct sk_reuseport_md *reuse_md)
{
    __u32 index = bpf_get_prandom_u32() % num_sockets; // ❸
    bpf_sk_select_reuseport(reuse_md, &socket_map, &index, 0); // ❹
    return SK_PASS; // ❺
}

char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";

In ❶, we declare a volatile constant for the number of sockets in the group. We will initialize this constant before loading the eBPF program into the kernel. In ❷, we define the socket map. We will populate it with the socket file descriptors. In ❸, we randomly select the index of the target socket.3 In ❹, we invoke the bpf_sk_select_reuseport() helper to record our decision. Finally, in ❺, we accept the packet.

Header files

If you compile the C source with clang, you get errors due to missing headers. The recommended way to solve this is to generate a vmlinux.h file with bpftool:

$ bpftool btf dump file /sys/kernel/btf/vmlinux format c > vmlinux.h

Then, include the following headers:4

#include "vmlinux.h"
#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>

For my 6.17 kernel, the generated vmlinux.h is quite big: 2.7 MiB. Moreover, bpf/bpf_helpers.h is shipped with libbpf. This adds another dependency for users. As the eBPF program is quite small, I prefer to put the strict minimum in vmlinux.h by cherry-picking the definitions I need.

Compilation

The eBPF Library for Go ships bpf2go, a tool to compile eBPF programs and to generate some scaffolding code. We create a gen.go file with the following content:

package main

//go:generate go tool bpf2go -tags linux reuseport reuseport_kern.c

After running go generate ./..., we can inspect the resulting objects with readelf and llvm-objdump:

$ readelf -S reuseport_bpfeb.o
There are 14 section headers, starting at offset 0x840:
  [Nr] Name              Type             Address           Offset
[…]
  [ 3] sk_reuseport      PROGBITS         0000000000000000  00000040
  [ 6] .maps             PROGBITS         0000000000000000  000000c8
  [ 7] license           PROGBITS         0000000000000000  000000e8
[…]
$ llvm-objdump -S reuseport_bpfeb.o
reuseport_bpfeb.o:  file format elf64-bpf
Disassembly of section sk_reuseport:
0000000000000000 <reuseport_balance_prog>:
; {
       0:   bf 61 00 00 00 00 00 00     r6 = r1
;     __u32 index = bpf_get_prandom_u32() % num_sockets;
       1:   85 00 00 00 00 00 00 07     call 0x7
[…]

Usage from Go

Let’s set up 10 workers listening to the same port.5 Each socket enables the SO_REUSEPORT option before binding:6

var (
    err error
    fds []uintptr
    conns []*net.UDPConn
)
workers := 10
listenAddr := "127.0.0.1:0"
listenConfig := net.ListenConfig{
    Control: func(_, _ string, c syscall.RawConn) error {
        c.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
            err = unix.SetsockoptInt(int(fd), unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_REUSEPORT, 1)
            fds = append(fds, fd)
        })
        return err
    },
}
for range workers {
    pconn, err := listenConfig.ListenPacket(t.Context(), "udp", listenAddr)
    if err != nil {
        t.Fatalf("ListenPacket() error:\n%+v", err)
    }
    udpConn := pconn.(*net.UDPConn)
    listenAddr = udpConn.LocalAddr().String()
    conns = append(conns, udpConn)
}

The second step is to load the eBPF program, initialize the num_sockets variable, populate the socket map, and attach the program to the first socket.7

// Load the eBPF collection.
spec, err := loadReuseport()
if err != nil {
    t.Fatalf("loadVariables() error:\n%+v", err)
}

// Set "num_sockets" global variable to the number of file descriptors we will register
if err := spec.Variables["num_sockets"].Set(uint32(len(fds))); err != nil {
    t.Fatalf("NumSockets.Set() error:\n%+v", err)
}

// Load the map and the program into the kernel.
var objs reuseportObjects
if err := spec.LoadAndAssign(&objs, nil); err != nil {
    t.Fatalf("loadReuseportObjects() error:\n%+v", err)
}
t.Cleanup(func() { objs.Close() })

// Assign the file descriptors to the socket map.
for worker, fd := range fds {
    if err := objs.reuseportMaps.SocketMap.Put(uint32(worker), uint64(fd)); err != nil {
        t.Fatalf("SocketMap.Put() error:\n%+v", err)
    }
}

// Attach the eBPF program to the first socket.
socketFD := int(fds[0])
progFD := objs.reuseportPrograms.ReuseportBalanceProg.FD()
if err := unix.SetsockoptInt(socketFD, unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_ATTACH_REUSEPORT_EBPF, progFD); err != nil {
    t.Fatalf("SetsockoptInt() error:\n%+v", err)
}

We are now ready to process incoming packets. Each worker is a Go routine incrementing a counter for each received packet:8

var wg sync.WaitGroup
receivedPackets := make([]int, workers)
for worker := range workers {
    conn := conns[worker]
    packets := &receivedPackets[worker]
    wg.Go(func() {
        payload := make([]byte, 9000)
        for {
            if _, err := conn.Read(payload); err != nil {
                if errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) {
                    return
                }
                t.Logf("Read() error:\n%+v", err)
            }
            *packets++
        }
    })
}

Let’s send 1000 packets:

sentPackets := 1000
conn, err := net.Dial("udp", conns[0].LocalAddr().String())
if err != nil {
    t.Fatalf("Dial() error:\n%+v", err)
}
defer conn.Close()
for range sentPackets {
    if _, err := conn.Write([]byte("hello world!")); err != nil {
        t.Fatalf("Write() error:\n%+v", err)
    }
}

If we print the content of the receivedPackets array, we can check the balancing works as expected, with each worker getting about 100 packets:

=== RUN   TestUDPWorkerBalancing
    balancing_test.go:84: receivedPackets[0] = 107
    balancing_test.go:84: receivedPackets[1] = 92
    balancing_test.go:84: receivedPackets[2] = 99
    balancing_test.go:84: receivedPackets[3] = 105
    balancing_test.go:84: receivedPackets[4] = 107
    balancing_test.go:84: receivedPackets[5] = 96
    balancing_test.go:84: receivedPackets[6] = 102
    balancing_test.go:84: receivedPackets[7] = 105
    balancing_test.go:84: receivedPackets[8] = 99
    balancing_test.go:84: receivedPackets[9] = 88

    balancing_test.go:91: receivedPackets = 1000
    balancing_test.go:92: sentPackets     = 1000

Graceful restart

You can also use SO_ATTACH_REUSEPORT_EBPF to gracefully restart an application. A new instance of the application binds to the same address and prepare its own version of the socket map. Once it attaches the eBPF program to the first socket, the kernel steers incoming packets to this new instance. The old instance needs to drain the already received packets before shutting down.

To check we are not losing any packet, we spawn a Go routine to send as many packets as possible:

sentPackets := 0
notSentPackets := 0
done := make(chan bool)
conn, err := net.Dial("udp", conns1[0].LocalAddr().String())
if err != nil {
    t.Fatalf("Dial() error:\n%+v", err)
}
defer conn.Close()
go func() {
    for {
        if _, err := conn.Write([]byte("hello world!")); err != nil {
            notSentPackets++
        } else {
            sentPackets++
        }
        select {
        case <-done:
            return
        default:
        }
    }
}()

Then, while the Go routine runs, we start the second set of workers. Once they are running, they start receiving packets. If we gracefully stop the initial set of workers, not a single packet is lost!9

=== RUN   TestGracefulRestart
    graceful_test.go:135: receivedPackets1[0] = 165
    graceful_test.go:135: receivedPackets1[1] = 195
    graceful_test.go:135: receivedPackets1[2] = 194
    graceful_test.go:135: receivedPackets1[3] = 190
    graceful_test.go:135: receivedPackets1[4] = 213
    graceful_test.go:135: receivedPackets1[5] = 187
    graceful_test.go:135: receivedPackets1[6] = 170
    graceful_test.go:135: receivedPackets1[7] = 190
    graceful_test.go:135: receivedPackets1[8] = 194
    graceful_test.go:135: receivedPackets1[9] = 155

    graceful_test.go:139: receivedPackets2[0] = 1631
    graceful_test.go:139: receivedPackets2[1] = 1582
    graceful_test.go:139: receivedPackets2[2] = 1594
    graceful_test.go:139: receivedPackets2[3] = 1611
    graceful_test.go:139: receivedPackets2[4] = 1571
    graceful_test.go:139: receivedPackets2[5] = 1660
    graceful_test.go:139: receivedPackets2[6] = 1587
    graceful_test.go:139: receivedPackets2[7] = 1605
    graceful_test.go:139: receivedPackets2[8] = 1631
    graceful_test.go:139: receivedPackets2[9] = 1689

    graceful_test.go:147: receivedPackets = 18014
    graceful_test.go:148: sentPackets     = 18014

Unfortunately, gracefully shutting down a UDP socket is not trivial in Go.10 Previously, we were terminating workers by closing their sockets. However, if we close them too soon, the application loses packets that were assigned to them but not yet processed. Before stopping, a worker needs to call conn.Read() until there are no more packets. A solution is to set a deadline for conn.Read() and check if we should stop the Go routine when the deadline is exceeded:

payload := make([]byte, 9000)
for {
    conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(50 * time.Millisecond))
    if _, err := conn.Read(payload); err != nil {
        if errors.Is(err, os.ErrDeadlineExceeded) {
            select {
            case <-done:
                return
            default:
                continue
            }
        }
        t.Logf("Read() error:\n%+v", err)
    }
    *packets++
}

With TCP, this aspect is simpler: after enabling the net.ipv4.tcp_migrate_req sysctl, the kernel automatically migrates waiting connections to a random socket in the same group. Alternatively, eBPF can also control this migration. Both features are available since Linux 5.14.

Addendum

After implementing this strategy in Akvorado, all workers now drop packets! 😱

$ curl -s 127.0.0.1:8080/api/v0/inlet/metrics \
> | sed -n s/akvorado_inlet_flow_input_udp_in_dropped//p
packets_total{listener="0.0.0.0:2055",worker="0"} 838673
packets_total{listener="0.0.0.0:2055",worker="1"} 843675
packets_total{listener="0.0.0.0:2055",worker="2"} 837922
packets_total{listener="0.0.0.0:2055",worker="3"} 841443
packets_total{listener="0.0.0.0:2055",worker="4"} 840668
packets_total{listener="0.0.0.0:2055",worker="5"} 850274
packets_total{listener="0.0.0.0:2055",worker="6"} 835488
packets_total{listener="0.0.0.0:2055",worker="7"} 834479

The root cause is the default limit of 32 records for Kafka batch sizes. This limit is too low because the brokers have a large overhead when handling each batch: they need to ensure they persist correctly before acknowledging them. Increasing the limit to 4096 records fixes this issue.

While load-balancing incoming flows with eBPF remains useful, it did not solve the main issue. At least the even distribution of dropped packets helped identify the real bottleneck. 😅

  1. The current version of the manual page is incomplete and does not cover the evolution introduced in Linux 4.19. There is a pending patch about this. ↩︎

  2. Rust is another option. However, the program we use is so trivial that it does not make sense to use Rust. ↩︎

  3. As bpf_get_prandom_u32() returns a pseudo-random 32-bit unsigned value, this method exhibits a very slight bias towards the first indexes. This is unlikely to be worth fixing. ↩︎

  4. Some examples include <linux/bpf.h> instead of "vmlinux.h". This makes your eBPF program dependent on the installed kernel headers. ↩︎

  5. listenAddr is initially set to 127.0.0.1:0 to allocate a random port. After the first iteration, it is updated with the allocated port. ↩︎

  6. This is the setupSockets() function in fixtures_test.go. ↩︎

  7. This is the setupEBPF() function in fixtures_test.go. ↩︎

  8. The complete code is in balancing_test.go ↩︎

  9. The complete code is in graceful_test.go ↩︎

  10. In C, we would poll() both the socket and a pipe used to signal for shutdown. When the second condition is triggered, we drain the socket by executing a series of non-blocking read() until we get EWOULDBLOCK. ↩︎

05 January, 2026 08:51AM by Vincent Bernat

hackergotchi for Jonathan McDowell

Jonathan McDowell

Free Software Activities for 2025

Given we’ve entered a new year it’s time for my annual recap of my Free Software activities for the previous calendar year. For previous years see 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 + 2024.

Conferences

My first conference of the year was FOSDEM. I’d submitted a talk proposal about system attestation in production environments for the attestation devroom, but they had a lot of good submissions and mine was a bit more “this is how we do it” rather than “here’s some neat Free Software that does it”. I’m still trying to work out how to make some of the bits we do more open, but the problem is a lot of the neat stuff is about taking internal knowledge about what should be running and making sure that’s the case, and what you end up with if you abstract that is a toolkit that still needs a lot of work to get something useful.

I’d more luck at DebConf25 where I gave a talk (Don’t fear the TPM) trying to explain how TPMs could be useful in a Debian context. Naturally the comments section descended into a discussion about UEFI Secure Boot, which is a separate, if related, thing. DebConf also featured the usual catch up with fellow team members, hanging out with folk I hadn’t seen in ages, and generally feeling a bit more invigorated about Debian.

Other conferences I considered, but couldn’t justify, were All Systems Go! and the Linux Plumbers Conference. I’ve no doubt both would have had a bunch of interesting and relevant talks + discussions, but not enough this year.

I’m going to have to miss FOSDEM this year, due to travel later in the month, and I’m uncertain if I’m going to make DebConf (for a variety of reasons). That means I don’t have a Free Software conference planned for 2026. Ironically FOSSY moving away from Portland makes it a less appealing option (I have Portland friends it would be good to visit). Other than potential Debian MiniConfs, anything else European I should consider?

Debian

I continue to try and keep RetroArch in shape, with 1.22.2+dfsg-1 (and, shortly after, 1.22.2+dfsg-2 - git-buildpackage in trixie seems more strict about Build-Depends existing in the outside environment, and I keep forgetting I need Build-Depends-Arch and Build-Depends-Indep to be pretty much the same with a minimal Build-Depends that just has enough for the clean target) getting uploaded in December, and 1.20.0+dfsg-1, 1.20+dfsg-2 + 1.20+dfsg-3 all being uploaded earlier in the year. retroarch-assets had 1.20.0+dfsg-1 uploaded back in April. I need to find some time to get 1.22.0 packaged. libretro-snes9x got updated to 1.63+dfsg-1.

sdcc saw 4.5.0+dfsg-1, 4.5.0+dfsg-2, 4.5.0+dfsg-3 (I love major GCC upgrades) and 4.5.0-dfsg-4 uploads. There’s an outstanding bug around a LaTeX error building the manual, but this turns out to be a bug in the 2.5 RC for LyX. Huge credit to Tobias Quathamer for engaging with this, and Pavel Sanda + Jürgen Spitzmüller from the LyX upstream for figuring out the issue + a fix.

Pulseview saw 0.4.2-4 uploaded to fix issues with the GCC 15 + CMake upgrades. I should probably chase the sigrok upstream about new releases; I think there are a bunch of devices that have gained support in git without seeing a tagged release yet.

I did an Electronics Team upload for gputils 1.5.2-2 to fix compilation with GCC 15.

While I don’t do a lot with storage devices these days if I can help it I still pay a little bit of attention to sg3-utils. That resulted in 1.48-2 and 1.48-3 uploads in 2025.

libcli got a 1.10.7-3 upload to deal with the libcrypt-dev split out.

Finally I got more up-to-date versions of libtorrent (0.15.7-1) and rtorrent (also 0.15.7-1) uploaded to experimental. There’s a ppc64el build failure in libtorrent, but having asked on debian-powerpc this looks like a flaky test/code and I should probably go ahead and upload to unstable.

I sponsored some uploads for Michel Lind - the initial uploads of plymouth-theme-hot-dog, and the separated out pykdumpfile package.

Recognising the fact I wasn’t contributing in a useful fashion to the Data Protection Team I set about trying to resign in an orderly fashion - see Andreas’ call for volunteers that went out in the last week. Shout out to Enrico for pointing out in the past that we should gracefully step down from things we’re not actually managing to do, to avoid the perception it’s all fine and no one else needs to step up. Took me too long to act on it.

The Debian keyring team continues to operate smoothly, maintaining our monthly release cadence with a 3 month rotation ensuring all team members stay familiar with the process, and ensure their setups are still operational (especially important after Debian releases). I handled the 2025.03.23, 2025.06.24, 2025.06.27, 2025.09.18, 2025.12.08 + 2025.12.26 pushes.

Linux

TPM related fixes were the theme of my kernel contributions in 2025, all within a work context. Some were just cleanups, but several fixed real issues that were causing us issues. I’ve also tried to be more proactive about reviewing diffs in the TPM subsystem; it feels like a useful way to contribute, as well as making me more actively pay attention to what’s going on there.

Personal projects

I did some work on onak, my OpenPGP keyserver. That resulted in a 0.6.4 release, mainly driven by fixes for building with more recent CMake + GCC versions in Debian. I’ve got a set of changes that should add RFC9580 (v6) support, but there’s not a lot of test keys out there at present for making sure I’m handling things properly. Equally there’s a plan to remove Berkeley DB from Debian, which I’m completely down with, but that means I need a new primary backend. I’ve got a draft of LMDB support to replace that, but I need to go back and confirm I’ve got all the important bits implemented before publishing it and committing to a DB layout. I’d also like to add sqlite support as an option, but that needs some thought about trying to take proper advantage of its features, rather than just treating it as a key-value store.

(I know everyone likes to hate on OpenPGP these days, but I continue to be interested by the whole web-of-trust piece of it, which nothing else I’m aware of offers.)

That about wraps up 2025. Nothing particularly earth shaking in there, more a case of continuing to tread water on the various things I’m involved. I highly doubt 2026 will be much different, but I think that’s ok. I scratch my own itches, and if that helps out other folk too then that’s lovely, but not the primary goal.

05 January, 2026 07:57AM

Russell Coker

Phone Charging Speeds With Debian/Trixie

One of the problems I encountered with the PinePhone Pro (PPP) when I tried using it as a daily driver [1] was the charge speed, both slow charging and a bad ratio of charge speed to discharge speed. I also tried using a One Plus 6 (OP6) which had a better charge speed and battery life but I never got VoLTE to work [2] and VoLTE is a requirement for use in Australia and an increasing number of other countries. In my tests with the Librem 5 from Purism I had similar issues with charge speed [3].

What I want to do is get an acceptable ratio of charge time to use time for a free software phone. I don’t necessarily object to a phone that can’t last an 8 hour day on a charge, but I can’t use a phone that needs to be on charge for 4 hours during the day. For this part I’m testing the charge speed and will test the discharge speed when I have solved some issues with excessive CPU use.

I tested with a cheap USB power monitoring device that is inline between the power cable and the phone. The device has no method of export so I just watched it and when the numbers fluctuated I tried to estimate the average. I only give the results to two significant digits which is about all the accuracy that is available, as I copied the numbers separately the V*A might not exactly equal the W. I idly considered rounding off Voltages to the nearest Volt and current to the half amp but the way the PC USB ports have voltage drop at higher currents is interesting.

This post should be useful for people who want to try out FOSS phones but don’t want to buy the range of phones and chargers that I have bought.

Phones Tested

I have seen claims about improvements with charging speed on the Librem 5 with recent updates so I decided to compare a number of phones running Debian/Trixie as well as some Android phones. I’m comparing an old Samsung phone (which I tried running Droidian on but is now on Android) and a couple of Pixel phones with the three phones that I currently have running Debian for charging.

Chargers Tested

HP Z640

The Librem 5 had problems with charging on a port on the HP ML110 Gen9 I was using as a workstation. I have sold the ML110 and can’t repeat that exact test but I tested on the HP z640 that I use now. The z640 is a much better workstation (quieter and better support for audio and other desktop features) and is also sold as a workstation.

The z640 documentation says that of the front USB ports the top one can do “fast charge (up to 1.5A)” with “USB Battery Charging Specification 1.2”. The only phone that would draw 1.5A on that port was the Librem 5 but the computer would only supply 4.4V at that current which is poor. For every phone I tested the bottom port on the front (which apparently doesn’t have USB-BC or USB-PD) charged at least as fast as the top port and every phone other than the OP6 charged faster on the bottom port. The Librem 5 also had the fastest charge rate on the bottom port. So the rumours about the Librem 5 being updated to address the charge speed on PC ports seem to be correct.

The Wikipedia page about USB Hardware says that the only way to get more than 1.5A from a USB port while operating within specifications is via USB-PD so as USB 3.0 ports the bottom 3 ports should be limited to 5V at 0.9A for 4.5W. The Librem 5 takes 2.0A and the voltage drops to 4.6V so that gives 9.2W. This shows that the z640 doesn’t correctly limit power output and the Librem 5 will also take considerably more power than the specs allow. It would be really interesting to get a powerful PSU and see how much power a Librem 5 will take without negotiating USB-PD and it would also be interesting to see what happens when you short circuit a USB port in a HP z640. But I recommend not doing such tests on hardware you plan to keep using!

Of the phones I tested the only one that was within specifications on the bottom port of the z640 was the OP6. I think that is more about it just charging slowly in every test than conforming to specs.

Monitor

The next test target is my 5120*2160 Kogan monitor with a USB-C port [4]. This worked quite well and apart from being a few percent slower on the PPP it outperformed the PC ports for every device due to using USB-PD (the only way to get more than 5V) and due to just having a more powerful PSU that doesn’t have a voltage drop when more than 1A is drawn.

Ali Charger

The Ali Charger is a device that I bought from AliExpress is a 240W GaN charger supporting multiple USB-PD devices. I tested with the top USB-C port that can supply 100W to laptops.

The Librem 5 has charging going off repeatedly on the Ali charger and doesn’t charge properly. It’s also the only charger for which the Librem 5 requests a higher voltage than 5V, so it seems that the Librem 5 has some issues with USB-PD. It would be interesting to know why this problem happens, but I expect that a USB signal debugger is needed to find that out. On AliExpress USB 2.0 sniffers go for about $50 each and with a quick search I couldn’t see a USB 3.x or USB-C sniffer. So I’m not going to spend my own money on a sniffer, but if anyone in Melbourne Australia owns a sniffer and wants to visit me and try it out then let me know. I’ll also bring it to Everything Open 2026.

Generally the Ali charger was about the best charger from my collection apart from the case of the Librem 5.

Dell Dock

I got a number of free Dell WD15 (aka K17A) USB-C powered docks as they are obsolete. They have VGA ports among other connections and for the HDMI and DisplayPort ports it doesn’t support resolutions higher than FullHD if both ports are in use or 4K if a single port is in use. The resolutions aren’t directly relevant to the charging but it does indicate the age of the design.

The Dell dock seems to not support any voltages other than 5V for phones and 19V (20V requested) for laptops. Certainly not the 9V requested by the Pixel 7 Pro and Pixel 8 phones. I wonder if not supporting most fast charging speeds for phones was part of the reason why other people didn’t want those docks and I got some for free. I hope that the newer Dell docks support 9V, a phone running Samsung Dex will display 4K output on a Dell dock and can productively use a keyboard and mouse. Getting equivalent functionality to Dex working properly on Debian phones is something I’m interested in.

Battery

The “Battery” I tested with is a Chinese battery for charging phones and laptops, it’s allegedly capable of 67W USB-PD supply but so far all I’ve seen it supply is 20V 2.5A for my laptop. I bought the 67W battery just in case I need it for other laptops in future, the Thinkpad X1 Carbon I’m using now will charge from a 30W battery.

There seems to be an overall trend of the most shonky devices giving the best charging speeds. Dell and HP make quality gear although my tests show that some HP ports exceed specs. Kogan doesn’t make monitors, they just put their brand on something cheap. Buying one of the cheapest chargers from AliExpress and one of the cheaper batteries from China I don’t expect the highest quality and I am slightly relieved to have done enough tests with both of those that a fire now seems extremely unlikely. But it seems that the battery is one of the fastest charging devices I own and with the exception of the Librem 5 (which charges slowly on all ports and unreliably on several ports) the Ali charger is also one of the fastest ones. The Kogan monitor isn’t far behind.

Conclusion

Voltage and Age

The Samsung Galaxy Note 9 was released in 2018 as was the OP6. The PPP was first released in 2022 and the Librem 5 was first released in 2020, but I think they are both at a similar technology level to the Note 9 and OP6 as the companies that specialise in phones have a pipeline for bringing new features to market.

The Pixel phones are newer and support USB-PD voltage selection while the other phones either don’t support USB-PD or support it but only want 5V. Apart from the Librem 5 which wants a higher voltage but runs it at a low current and repeatedly disconnects.

Idle Power

One of the major problems I had in the past which prevented me from using a Debian phone as my daily driver is the ratio of idle power use to charging power. Now that the phones seem to charge faster if I can get the idle power use under control then it will be usable.

Currently the Librem 5 running Trixie is using 6% CPU time (24% of a core) while idle and the screen is off (but “Caffeine” mode is enabled so no deep sleep). On the PPP the CPU use varies from about 2% and 20% (12% to 120% of one core), this was mainly plasmashell and kwin_wayland. The OP6 has idle CPU use a bit under 1% CPU time which means a bit under 8% of one core.

The Librem 5 and PPP seem to have configuration issues with KDE Mobile and Pipewire that result in needless CPU use. With those issues addressed I might be able to make a Librem 5 or PPP a usable phone if I have a battery to charge it.

The OP6 is an interesting point of comparison as a Debian phone but is not a viable option as a daily driver due to problems with VoLTE and also some instability – it sometimes crashes or drops off Wifi.

The Librem 5 charges at 9.2W from a a PC that doesn’t obey specs and 10W from a battery. That’s a reasonable charge rate and the fact that it can request 12V (unsuccessfully) opens the possibility to potential higher charge rates in future. That could allow a reasonable ratio of charge time to use time.

The PPP has lower charging speeds then the Librem 5 but works more consistently as there was no charger I found that wouldn’t work well with it. This is useful for the common case of charging from a random device in the office. But the fact that the Librem 5 takes 10W from the battery while the PPP only takes 6.3W would be an issue if using the phone while charging.

Now I know the charge rates for different scenarios I can work on getting the phones to use significantly less power than that on average.

Specifics for a Usable Phone

The 57W battery or something equivalent is something I think I will always need to have around when using a PPP or Librem 5 as a daily driver.

The ability to charge fast while at a desk is also an important criteria. The charge speed of my home PC is good in that regard and the charge speed of my monitor is even better. Getting something equivalent at a desktop of an office I work in is a possibility.

Improving the Debian distribution for phones is necessary. That’s something I plan to work on although the code is complex and in many cases I’ll have to just file upstream bug reports.

I have also ordered a FuriLabs FLX1s [5] which I believe will be better in some ways. I will blog about it when it arrives.

Phone Top z640 Bottom Z640 Monitor Ali Charger Dell Dock Battery Best Worst
Note9 4.8V 1.0A 5.2W 4.8V 1.6A 7.5W 4.9V 2.0A 9.5W 5.1V 1.9A 9.7W 4.8V 2.1A 10W 5.1V 2.1A 10W 5.1V 2.1A 10W 4.8V 1.0A 5.2W
Pixel 7 pro 4.9V 0.80A 4.2W 4.8V 1.2A 5.9W 9.1V 1.3A 12W 9.1V 1.2A 11W 4.9V 1.8A 8.7W 9.0V 1.3A 12W 9.1V 1.3A 12W 4.9V 0.80A 4.2W
Pixel 8 4.7V 1.2A 5.4W 4.7V 1.5A 7.2W 8.9V 2.1A 19W 9.1V 2.7A 24W 4.8V 2.3A 11.0W 9.1V 2.6A 24W 9.1V 2.7A 24W 4.7V 1.2A 5.4W
PPP 4.7V 1.2A 6.0W 4.8V 1.3A 6.8W 4.9V 1.4A 6.6W 5.0V 1.2A 5.8W 4.9V 1.4A 5.9W 5.1V 1.2A 6.3W 4.8V 1.3A 6.8W 5.0V 1.2A 5.8W
Librem 5 4.4V 1.5A 6.7W 4.6V 2.0A 9.2W 4.8V 2.4A 11.2W 12V 0.48A 5.8W 5.0V 0.56A 2.7W 5.1V 2.0A 10W 4.8V 2.4A 11.2W 5.0V 0.56A 2.7W
OnePlus6 5.0V 0.51A 2.5W 5.0V 0.50A 2.5W 5.0V 0.81A 4.0W 5.0V 0.75A 3.7W 5.0V 0.77A 3.7W 5.0V 0.77A 3.9W 5.0V 0.81A 4.0W 5.0V 0.50A 2.5W
Best 4.4V 1.5A 6.7W 4.6V 2.0A 9.2W 8.9V 2.1A 19W 9.1V 2.7A 24W 4.8V 2.3A 11.0W 9.1V 2.6A 24W

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05 January, 2026 07:21AM by etbe